"The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. Francis issued a list of banned books and established a court to punish heretics. legitimized the. His men won a few the emperor's wishes. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Nationalism emerges During the first part of the Hundred Years' War, France and England did not have identities as separate countries. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. By 1215, Philip had extended his territory to duchies once held by the Anjous in the north and west. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. Charles also had to declare Henry and Henry's descendants heirs to the French crown. The Moors surrendered Toledo to the Christians in 1085. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. They rarely called meetings of the Cortes (Parliament, or central law-making body) and they appointed middle-class people to government offices. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. How would Germany most likely have been different between 1848 and 1871 if Prussia had not belonged to the . On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. In 1492, after conquering this last outpost of Moorish rule in western Europe, they annexed Granada to Castile. It is estimated that between 1348 and 1400 the population of France dropped from sixteen million to eleven million. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. National sovereignty was restored by the revolution of 1640. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Q: France and Germany were both once part of what Feudal Kingdom? Game Guide. Animal Kingdoms: Hunting, the Environment and Power in the Indian Princely States. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. Since she had no heirs, the Tudor dynasty came to an end. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Civilization Popularity Ranking: Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. She was burned at the stake in 1431. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In 1346, Edward III won a notable victory at Crcy in a battle that showed the superiority of English ground troops and longbows (oversized stringed weapons used to shoot arrows) against the French knights in armor. (See "The Inquisition" in Chapter 1.) Henry was deeply disappointed when the title was bestowed on Charles, who became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, in 1519. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. Edward was returned to the throne. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). 6,279 talking about this. The Christians were trying to recapture the Holy Land (called Palestine at the time; the territory is now in parts of Israel, Jordan, and Egypt), which they considered sacred because it was the place where Jesus of Nazareth founded Christianity. ." For instance, he threw a servant out of the window when the young man crossed him. quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). On December 24, 1568, Moriscos in Granada staged a rebellion and fought royal armies for nearly two years. Only eight Portuguese were killed. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. Soon Catherine, like Anne Boleyn, was found guilty of adultery; she was beheaded in 1542. Modern scholars have altered this view, however, concluding that Renaissance ideas became dominant in the 1530s during the reign of Henry VII's brother, Henry VIII (14911547; ruled 150947). Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. About one hundred thousand fled to Portugal, but they were soon driven out because Portugal had entered into an alliance with Spain. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. France and Germany were both once part of what feudal Kingdom? The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. Armed resistance from the most troublesome nobles was crushed by Fernndez de Crdoba's armies. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? timer. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. North and South America were later named for Vespucci. Thus, Olivares's usefulness had come to an end. The two great civilizations of the New World, the Aztecs and the Incas, were conquered by these explorers, who killed the native leaders and placed themselves in the existing top social class. Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. Their fifteen-year-old grandson Charles (15001558), who was then king of the Netherlands, became King Charles I of Spain in 1518 (ruled 151858). In 1643 the king dismissed him and appointed his nephew Lus de Haro as the new chief minister. The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. Since 1066 the English had controlled rich agricultural areas in France, and the two countries had often fought over these territories. Spain and France signed the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Although Francis had able military advisers, he failed to score a victory. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. James also supported settlement in the New World. He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. When Richard of York was killed in 1460, his son, Edward (14421483), continued the campaign against the Lancasters. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. 1 France And Germany Were Both Once Part Of What Kingdom? English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. AEthelflaed. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. In the New World, Spanish conquistadors accomplished the "taming of America" by subduing various Native American groups. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Driven by increasing prosperity, the emerging powers of northwestern EuropeEngland, France, and the Netherlandsdecided to invest in exploration. After the battle at Ceuta, Henry became obsessed with gaining access to exotic markets in Africa. Paris remained a stronghold of Catholicism, and on August 23 and 24, 1572, thousands of Protestants were slaughtered in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity However, Henry's sons, Richard and John, were unable to hold these far-flung territories against the vigorous assaults of Louis VII's son Philip Augustus (11651223; ruled 11801223). Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. Charles had firmly consolidated kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. 22 Feb. 2023
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