what process do you think formed reuyl crater

If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the comet's nucleus consists of porous, pristine, unprocessed material, and that the comet formed . Glassy texture is the most readily recognized. Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. endobj Therefore, older surfaces have more impact craters. The faster the incoming impactor, the larger the crater. It has a summit caldera some 80 km wide. Firsoff is an impact crater in the region called Meridiani Planum in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 2.66N latitude and 9.42W longitude.It is 90 km in diameter. Impacts are instantaneous events. Complex craters are large craters with complicated features. What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera? Most obsidian is felsic in composition, yet typically it will have a very dark color (dark brown to black). The circular shape is due to material flying out in all directions as a result of the explosion upon impact, not a result of the impactor having a circular shape (almost no impactors are spherical). 6). The monument contains 55 cones with lava flows and 14 fissures, many of which have spatter cones. endobj The large number of craters in this region indicates that this part of the Moon is quite ancient. 12. Fortunately, these two aspects determine a mineral's physical properties. The darker material is quartz sand, combined with a small amount of cornmeal to produce a minor amount of cohesion between sand grains. These craters are, however, decidedly not impact structures. ), 1987, Glossary of Geology. 11. Known as one of the best-preserved impact craters on Earth, it is 180 meters (590 feet) deep and 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. ExDsD ;;8-E:(] What influences the size and shape of a crater? The two most notable are obsidian and dunite. And although these are abundant on the . : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. Schistose foliation is composed of larger minerals that are visible to the unaided eye. Metamorphic Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREFOLIATIONCOMPOSITIONTYPEPARENT ROCKROCK NAMEFoliatedslatymicaRegionalMudstoneSlatephylliticquartz, mica, chloriteRegionalMudstonePhylliteschistosemica, quartzRegionalSlateSchistschistoseamphibole, plagioclaseRegionalBasalt or GabbroAmphibolitegneissic bandingfeldspar, mica, quartzRegionalSchistGneissNon-FoliatedcarbonContact or RegionalBituminous CoalAnthracite Coalquartz, rock fragmentsContact or RegionalConglomerateMetaconglomeratecalciteContact or RegionalLimestoneMarblequartzContact or RegionalSandstoneQuartzite Mars Surface Introduction In many ways Mars is similar to Earth. Such outbursts can be violent enough that once the eruption is over, the volcano collapses in on its empty vacant magma chamber and forms a caldera, or volcanic crater. Therefore, a simplified system is used based on texture and composition. This is clearly different from normal, endogenetic geological processes such as volcanism, earthquakes, tsunamis or other tectonic events. Earth has weather, water, and plants. More about the doublet crater. The first is called erosion. Impact basins are very large impact structures that are more than 300 kilometers (185 miles) in diameter. Since tectonic plate movements has erased much of Earths crater record, the answers to the lingering questions about crater formation and timelines lie in the exquisitely preserved craters on the moon. They leave very characteristic features. The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. It measures 85.9 kilometers in diameter and was named after Dirk Reuyl , a Dutch-American physicist and astronomer (1906-1972) who made astronomical measurements of the diameter of Mars in the 1940s. Are the craters you observe older or younger than the valleys? <> <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 17 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 1>> Texture of sedimentary rocks in this lab will be taken to indicate origin or type of sediment found in the rock. Image credit: NASA. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. 9 0 obj This especially concerned also the vaporization of the impactor by shock-induced temperatures and, at that time, let the mining engineers helpless when they did not encounter the expected 50 m-diameter iron meteorite beneath the floor of the Barringer (Meteorite) crater. Image credit: NASA. Learn how these processes work and how they formed more than 300.000 craters on the Moon. 13 0 obj : Impact cratering. XX=S;K]3:V-j ,bxHeM?qaZ] R*Jf]x-Tfymoy{!TX&THH9C]NXg Image from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. 17. Felsic compositions are rich in silica (SiO2). What happens when an impactor hits? Generally speaking, large impact craters appear to be morphologically flat structures although the impact signature rock deformations, shock metamorphism may extend to considerable depths. This portion of the Moon is covered by numerous circular holes. 13). A compressive shock pulse is not only reflected at the free target surface but also always when it impinges on a boundary of material with reduced impedance (equivalent to the product of density and sound velocity) where part of the energy is reflected as a rarefaction pulse. Determine and record the diameter of Apollinaris Patera? 14): The crater is not much larger than the projectile. The force of the impacts create circular structures with raised rimmed wall; spatters of mud and smaller circular secondary craters may be seen (Fig. Sand is clasts between 1/16 and 2 mm in size, and gravel is greater than 2 mm. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do you find the thickest ejecta?, How do you think the crater rim formed?, Where would you find most of the younger material? Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. 22. The twoprojectile produced a pair of rimmed simple, bowl-shaped craters quite similar to the dual craters from Fig. Determination of this information is not easily accomplished in this lab. Hesperia Planum, showing bright windstreaks associated with some of the craters. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). -Un+iJiO&Jsg/kO(*g!FcyvOC&t+3I*cm_5{`7=!MhW&A\8(}HOf%_Pp)G)d:owWt..L (Hint: the region slopes to the north.) Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km . 3. 18. The Crater Maker can then drop the rock, and the Measurer . and J.A. Large crustal blocks were merging together to create the . Quartz has a hardness of 7, which makes it difficult to scratch. Diameter 290 km. [Hint: use the principle of cross-cutting relations to justify your answer.] Therefore, crisp craters with upraised rims and steep sides are young, while less distinct and eroded craters with partial rims are probably older. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? Fragments of the Canyon Diablo meteorite were found inside the crater. Biologic sedimentary rocks are which form as the result of the accumulation of organic material or biologic activity. (80 km diameter). a depression formed by an impact (as of a meteorite). What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? Planet Earth holds some of the strangest, natural tourist . Through a combination of these principles, the relative ages of geologic features can be determined, and a sequence of geologic events developed. Something we dont understand very well on the geological side (of crater formation) is, we still find it difficult to determine the trajectory of impacting objects for most impact craters, Kring said. What are craters? When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. Porphyritic texture is composed of crystals of two different sizes. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. At some time in their life nearly every girl, boy (and adult) has thrown pebbles or cobbles into mud and watched nice round form. Anthracite coal is similar to bituminous coal. HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_3.jpg"Figure 3. A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). The high-speed impact of a large meteorite compresses, or forces downward, a . The Moon does not. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. Textures are based primarily on crystal size. Craters produced by the collision of a meteorite with the Earth (or another planet or moon) are called impact craters. Which of the four geologic processes might be responsible for the formation of Ius Chasma? Venus has fewer craters; its surface has been covered recently (in the last 500 million years!) When an asteroidal or cometary object strikes a planetary surface, it is traveling typically at several tens of kilometres per secondmany times the speed of sound.A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. Typically, these rocks split along parallel, planar surfaces. Large impact basins are also found on other planets, including Mars and Mercury. <> Computing these vectors (direction and magnitude) for each point in the subsurface, a field of excavation flow with arcuate trajectories as shown in the sketch above (Fig. 4 0 obj JI,ZbXr}n9=^,eIgtU_=F#-K}_^(qyk1bZe|}elK)&Hc:GVtOd~Y@0IA$2i hvF~/_?g@-)(|#)s5.eK%x]G4;kY|^B8I(JY4+Tl7l1Q)>.ux92BfiYnWy%:./#5*j?hv`SEzY8D7\I&RdEO)I[G*ZGy7HjkvKXE@tiYrG:f3' uoiTK"EF]d[59qqgrP~ "UJ|gmPBO(+aS7Gj{k}xeET]A EIx-X]28dy,}Isx.cepq 7rbr:^v4>iHJgEqA&`DA.FYle1}7#W;G-+h The same chemical composition, but two different crystalline structures - therefore, two different minerals. The inner walls of the crater have collapsed to form a series of step-like terraces, and a central peak is visible in the center of the image. Craters can be used to determine the relative ages of Martian surface materials; in general, older surfaces have craters which are more numerous, larger, and more degraded than those on young surfaces. Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. Fig. Meteorite impact spallation: from mega- to micro-scale, The suevite layer outcrop near Fuentes Calientes, Rubielos de la Crida impact basin (Spain), Selection of other publications of interest, New article on the geology of the Iberian System, Understanding the Impact Cratering Process: a Simple Approach, Making impacts: experimental hypervelocity crater generation, Earth Impact Database - Database of Earth Impact Structures - Meteorite Craters, Impact structure and meteorite crater glossary. 6) Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter crater marked C. Justify your answer. During an impact, buried material is ejected while outward pressure pushes the rock at the crater's edge upward, forming a rim. Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. The image to the left is a very simple, bowl shaped crater on the Moon and is typical of small craters that have formed relatively recently. Simple craters are small bowl-shaped, smooth-walled craters (the maximum size limit depends on the planet). Fig. But the environmental effects of impact crater formation go far beyond forming benign basins. Coquina and limestone are both composed of calcite. The insets in the black boxes show close-ups of some of the structures that lava can form: (left) branched channels, (middle) a snaking channel and (right) rootless vents; the rootless vents are also marked by yellow spots on the main image. Where were really going to get the answers the gold standards of answers is when we go back to the moon, Kring said. Justify your answer. 19. Image credit: NASA. %PDF-1.5 The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. Clastic sedimentary rocks contain clasts. A stone-into-mud crater demonstrates the difference between it and a hypervelocity crater (Fig. 4. Copernicus is a large crater (93 kilometers or 60 miles wide) on the Moon. But no matter at what angle it makes contact, the enormous amount of kinetic energy the projectile carries immediately transfers to the target rock it hits, triggering powerful shock waves. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11.5)? A good example is diamond and graphite. Sometimes the force of the impact is great enough to melt some of the local rock. The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. Volcanism has produced vast lava flows, broad shield volcanoes, and plains of volcanic material. Compare Apollinaris Patera (marked A on Figure 5) to Olympus Mons (Figure 1). Earth Rocks Introduction Minerals are defined as naturally occurring, inorganic, solids with a definite chemical composition and a regular, internal crystalline structure. Context Image. And of course there's the lake itself. Color is often an indicator of the composition of a rock or mineral and can be effectively used to identify the composition of most igneous rocks. Material Type: Lab; Class: Sci Thought/Processes I; Subject: Honors Program; University: George Mason University; Term: Unknown 1989; Examine the caldera (labeled A) and describe its shape. Not commonly seen in most introductory lab samples.FractureBreakage of a mineral, not along planes of weakness in the crystral structure.Examine the mineral for areas where the mineral is broken. Fig. The greater the mass of the impactor, the greater the size of crater. 6 0 obj Such a high-speed impact produces a crater that is approximately 20 times larger in diameter than the impacting object. <> Scientists estimate that Earth and the other terrestrial planets are struck by, on average, five asteroids less than 2 kilometers (a little over 1 mile) across every million years. How does the mass of the projectile affect the cratering process? 1. Three processes help Earth keep its surface crater free. Impactors can be practically any size; the (kinetic) energy brought to Earth by impact may exceed that equivalent to thousands of hydrogen bombs detonating at once. Procedures and Questions: Part 2 Ius Chasma is part of the western end of Valles Marineris, the largest Martian canyon. 15 0 obj Indeed, impact craters are one of the most common geological landforms on the majority of rocky terrestrial planets, asteroids, and many of the rocky and icy moons of the inner and outer Solar System. e. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. Moreover, the principles of superposition and cross-cutting relations indicate that a feature which at least partly covers another feature is the younger. rought The right side of Figure 12.4 shows a rift zone on Venus. For larger transient craters the modifications may take on a dramatic scale. Hence in an impact process much more damage is in general done by the rarefaction waves and not by the compressive shock waves, and many peculiar structural features that are observed in impact structures and that may appear puzzling to geologists are the result of strong tensile forces acting on all scales (for more information see the term spallation in the SEARCH function of our website). The impact sprays material ejecta out in all directions. Once these two characteristics have been identified, the Igneous Rock Identification chart can be used to help identify the rock name. The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs. (Viking MDIM mosaic 211-5360) 1. Few, if any, crystals will be visible. ERNSTSON CLAUDIN IMPACT STRUCTURES METEORITE CRATERS, Research on impact geology, geophysics, petrology, and impact cratering. Quartz has a hardness of 7 and is very difficult to scratch, even with a good quality knife blade. In either case, the conditions of a hypervelocity impact and propagation of shock waves are crucial for the formation of these geologically extraordinary structures. The largest impact basin on the Moon is 2500 kilometers (1550 miles) in diameter and more than 12 kilometers (7 miles) deep. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. What is the texture of the ejecta flow labeled A? Mars, like the Earth, has seasons. (Viking MDIM Volume 4) 15. M8 aR Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. However, this is not a sensible practice in a large lab with many different people handling the samples. The three stages of impact crater formation. 15. Halite is common table salt and is most easily identified by taste. These stages are: the contact and compression stage (Fig. These are impact craters, each of which was formed when an asteroid or comet collided with the Moon's surface. Explain why you believe this is so. Ius Chasma, part of the Valles Marineris system. <>>> The structure of the transient crater is widely preserved, and we are left with a simple or bowl-shaped impact crater (Fig. must an impactor be to produce a given size impact structure? Fig. A good example is the mineral plagioclase. For the following, you will use the knowledge from previous questions to identify Martian landforms and describe the geologic processes that created them. This of course is primarily a matter of energy related with the projectiles mass (and therefore density) and impact velocity, and, subordinately, also a matter of the target lithology. The number of very large craters in the southern highlands implies a substantial age for the surface. . Scientists record the size and number of impact craters and how eroded they are to determine the ages and histories of different planetary surfaces. Students, staff, and faculty at Stony Brook University are hard at work gathering data on the history of Mars. 11. Image credit: NASA. 7. This was obviously not the case, and so most of the Moon craters could not be meteoritic. On propagating roughly hemispherically into the underground target rocks, shock wave energy diminishes and so does pressure and temperature. crater: [noun] the bowl-shaped depression around the orifice of a volcano. !dKG>$D1vAn Ey kde/5RehK;(V+SP;6$:wr7s]0 qh@3rFWTkiuZuC1:e`Di*{"Ge[mIGl e `GRqu]MVte4O.)XPN!QgL!eQ!7*hM,5n7OS@yoY.B>f6>x>/RNR84l,Q/b&^RA,`?l'&)sH,s@+xL:|F+08l7lF4)2BYcJOo!!g3+Ct B |2x G.eG 6`:qTC+K\dI,h^&Q!dZ 7b1UxrxU_60cPYTPOX4RExd-w9+ X'SdFht'~Y=3sQf>\B5y[s{pq],1lbl>{|>?wDxLK#2'UF*$QtiQV9C9MBfKQGR"'#6x T^!mx{8w'IN^p_R ,0IRf2/k-l^cX;;uD+ Light colors, including white, light gray, tan and pink, indicate a felsic composition. In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. NN `GF9A`U l8_g1g}=""Px2q$O@Y8)Oq-9O{2NW?`9:uMuBiO2qd]{%= LX'K 64 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 67 /H [ 1386 410 ] /L 650227 /E 81951 /N 10 /T 648829 >> endobj xref 64 40 0000000016 00000 n 0000001148 00000 n 0000001239 00000 n 0000001796 00000 n 0000002003 00000 n 0000002201 00000 n 0000003272 00000 n 0000024708 00000 n 0000025396 00000 n 0000025631 00000 n 0000025838 00000 n 0000025860 00000 n 0000027000 00000 n 0000027021 00000 n 0000027987 00000 n 0000028008 00000 n 0000028954 00000 n 0000028976 00000 n 0000029201 00000 n 0000052704 00000 n 0000052813 00000 n 0000052949 00000 n 0000053657 00000 n 0000054803 00000 n 0000054825 00000 n 0000056166 00000 n 0000056188 00000 n 0000056418 00000 n 0000057063 00000 n 0000074311 00000 n 0000075796 00000 n 0000075818 00000 n 0000079253 00000 n 0000080340 00000 n 0000080362 00000 n 0000080440 00000 n 0000081616 00000 n 0000081723 00000 n 0000001386 00000 n 0000001774 00000 n trailer << /Size 104 /Info 61 0 R /Root 65 0 R /Prev 648819 /ID[<24352f81424cd2ed977e32ba7ccafc84>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 65 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 58 0 R /AcroForm 66 0 R /Metadata 57 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Fields [ ] /DR << /Font << /ZaDb 54 0 R /Helv 55 0 R >> /Encoding << /PDFDocEncoding 56 0 R >> >> /DA (/Helv 0 Tf 0 g ) >> endobj 102 0 obj << /S 247 /V 348 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 103 0 R >> stream These chunks begin to form at the top layer of the lava, which is cooling the fastest. Compare the size of Ius Chasma and its tributaries to the size of the Grand Canyon of Arizona (approximate length=175 km and maximum width=29km). 3 0 obj The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. 2. T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B* CJ ph h_X B* ph On impact of a cosmic body, shock waves start from the contact point and propagate into both the underground target rocks and into the impactor. Essentially, the minerals are randomly oriented. Very similar, but still different, therefore two different minerals. Were still searching for a clue to deduce that.. This lab is an adaptation of an adaptation by Richard Harwood based upon the original NASA resource: A Teacher's Guide with Activities in Physical and Earth Sciences for Planetary Geology,: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998, EG-1998-03-109, p. 238. Based on your observations, what is the probable order of occurrence of A, B, C, and D in Figure 5 (i.e., which came first, second, third, last)? Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. <> oqoujYm<3, \xu_-^/NiU,*&N ]L$[LDf>q@#SB9o9~-EPs lRj{u/wk\:oD $Ly Mars has some of the largest volcanoes in the solar system, including Olympus Mons, a massive volcano many times larger than the Island of Hawaii. 2) we may think it somehow formed from an identical mechanism. u u u # ( u u u u u u u u u : HNRT 227 Laboratory Experiment #8 with Ms. Crowell FALL 2015 The Rocks of Earth and the Surface of Mars Purpose: To understand the rocks of terrestrial planets and how they are formed, and to interpret and analyze the surface of planets and what that teaches us about the conditions that exist today and may have existed eons ago. h_X CJ$ h_X H* h_X 5h_X h_X 5>* h=X@ 5CJ he > 5CJ h_X 5CJ h 5CJ h 5CJ. On Mars, meteor storms 100 million years ago may have literally shaken the Red Planet to the core and destroyed its magnetic field. Texture is divided into two groups. Reuyl crater is at the southern edge of a region known to be blanketed in thick dust based on its high albedo (brightness) and low thermal inertia values. Sedimentary Rock Identification ChartTEXTUREGRAIN SIZECOMPOSITIONROCK NAMEClastic2 mmrock fragments, quartz, feldsparConglomerate1/16 - 2 mmquartz, feldsparSandstone<1/16 mmquartz, clay mineralsMudstone1/16 mmfeldspar, quartzArkoseChemicalcalciteLimestonesilica (quartz)ChertgypsumRock GypsumhaliteRock SaltBiologicorganic material, plant fragmentsBituminous Coalcalcite, shell and skeletal fragmentsCoquinacalcite with some fossilsFossiliferous Limestone Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have undergone a change from their original form due to changes in temperature, pressure or chemical alteration. Suggest some ways in which the scarp around Olympus Mons might have formed. 17. Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. xTO@~^^g!$(01D=l{t More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. %PDF-1.4 % 7 0 obj As this occurred, Earth became differentiated into layers, with the outermost layer being a solid covering of relatively lighter material while the . % -+eh5 L*]>;ppq Fig. Press, Oxford, 1989. For instance, the famous Chicxulub crater in Yucatan, Mexico, is thought to be the site of the meteor impact that instigated the K-T event, which wiped out the dinosaurs in a mass extinction that affected much of life on Earth. Larger, more forceful impact events will form complex craters in which the rock at the center of the crater rebounds from the downward pressure of the shock wave and uplifts into a mound-like formation. Valleys on western Chryse Planitia near Viking 1 site. Aeolian (wind) activity is also a continuing process of erosion. The impactor is shattered into small pieces and may melt or vaporize. So far we have considered the impact of a solid object like a stony or iron meteorite. Coal is usually obvious to most students even though few people seem to have ever actually examined it up close. 14. !#\k]k)3f}2Xyb=Np. How many objects from space impact Earth each year?

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