ap gov 15 supreme court cases cheat sheet

The total revenue received by sellers of a good is the same amount as the. Upheld use of race as one of many factors in college admissions. because that restricts freedom of the press. Familiarize yourself with these words and concepts: Legitimacy: This is the most fundamental principle when studying government. For more context on these documents, see the US Government and Politics course on Khan Academy. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California Let us make this next generation the most learned generation is history. Unit 1_ Foundations of American Democracy Vocabulary and Review Videos, Unit II Interactions Among Branches of Government Vocabulary and Review Videos, AP Exam Mega Review Packet (Units 1-5) v2 (Word Document), Ap-Exam-Mega-Review-Packet-Units-1-5-v2 (PDF), The above two documents are word documents with hyperlinks to YouTube videos that explain these concepts. More leeway for states in regulation abortion, though no overturning of Roe v. Wade. Same-sex marriage is legalized across all 50 states. if no candidate reaches 270 Confirms Treaties w/ 2/3 vote SENATE Continued, Vice President of the U.S. is the president, Know the process of a bill becoming a law Define: Standing Committee/ Permanent Committee, Ways & Means- Taxes, Appropriations-decides how much $ to spend, Select Committee Conference Committee Joint Committees. Click on the "About the AICPA" link. Cheat Sheet AP GOV Review-2020 Covid 19 edition - AP REVIEWCHEAT SHEET Cram for the Exam: - Studocu This is an AP Gov test cheat sheet - the information provided may be useful. endobj 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. Federalist Papers: A series of essays written to support the ratification of the new constitution. The Courts have interpreted these extensions in ways that have dramatically increased the New england ii - Road to American Independence. Not only should you be familiar with the final decisions, you should be familiar with the reasons for the majority opinion and how they impacted American society. "K)uO?tn_nBTE!NM;J7D!oWJ$Bv x+M0JJa(N]Iy84RmBy.hy#PG- GSt A%l~p,[PGgVQIc 4MMR_\AJ%/q(7_|$X nm%3,naieo^3X Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. (1964) was a court case in which the USSC said that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was constitutional based on Congresss power to regular interstate commerce. Upheld "separate but equal" segregation laws in states. Lr(DAP]TPiqE>6n,BH6"5P{G#@8iUj$"BOv!3$S$G6h>K =[u$QRgzMt$'Sn`!289ZA}oI7;:p6 W!E'fe\x<1 i][G^r_$f,fI$Zn%hW]vcDvY#PR[t Corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts in elections. Written by the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution, : The essence of our government. They are supported and affirmed by correct doctrines and by the people themselves. AP US Gov PDF- Review Chart Resources: There are four key elements for students to understand about these U.S. Supreme Court cases: the facts, issue(s), and holdings (including dissenting opinions), including . 31 Comments Please sign inor registerto post comments. Women have a constitutional right to an abortion during the first two trimesters. Today the Tea Party Movement appears to be the loudest voice on this issue. Budgets are bigger. Before we succumb to any act of government we should ask, Is this legitimate? Legitimacy in the American government is primarily rooted in our Constitution. To make all laws that are Necessary & Proper! Objectives: The objective of this lesson is for students to research, analyze, present, and learn about the 15 important Supreme Court cases in order to be prepared for the AP Government and Politics exam. We were born fearing a strong government. AP Gov Cheat Sheet - Bunch of court cases and descriptions Bunch of court cases and descriptions University University of Georgia Course American Government (POLS1101) Academic year2019/2020 Helpful? individual liberties. 2020-2021 ap government and politics 15 required supreme court cases Terms in this set (15) Marbury v Madison (1803) established judicial review (courts ability to determine the constitutionality of a law, not explicitly written), established implied powers McCulloch v Maryland (1819) principle. Both, for example, implement education policy. . In todays political arena finding examples is not easy. provided for a limited government divided into three branches. MEDIA, Activists, Freedom of Information Act allows for leaks to the public, The U. governments the national government is supreme. The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803, and upholds the sanctity of executive (power of the sword) and judicial (power to interpret the law). Concurrent Powers: These are powers shared by both national and state governments. Performed services for customers on account, $3,400. See page: 5 The course is structured to incorporate the big ideas and required content outlined in each of the units described in the AP Course and Exam Description. to work. You should all print out the above document prior to the exam. End of Patronage system ---- Hello Civil Service Exams-Merit System, Iron Triangle--- Trio of interests that work together to get policy passed Denied citizenship to African American slaves. These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice. *the president nominates, senate confirms with a majority vote Federal Aggrandizement: As a major theme of American government, the story of government here is the story of an ever growing and expanding national government. Staffs are larger. President cannot use executive privilege to withhold evidence from criminal trial. 15 pages. He also stipulated that a large Review the following transactions and prepare the journal entry or entries if Pharmaceutical Supplies uses, Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1972 The Supreme Court is allowed to stiact of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution. But he's an untrustworthy opportunist, so I oppose this land sale. : an American History, Time Value of Money Practice Problems and Solutions, WK Number 2 Atomic Structure Chemistry 1 Worksheet Assignment with answers, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1. In this essay Madison argued for a republic over a direct democracy. Happy studying. Written by the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution provided for a limited government divided into three branches. 4, 5) although there are some terms such as Amicus Curiae Briefs and Iron Triangles in Unit III as well as and other concepts in other units gerrymandering, reapportionment, etc. religion and does not entangle the goverment with religion. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Design a site like this with WordPress.com, Mr. Yamron's Advanced Placement United States Government and Politics, Unit 1: Foundations of American Democracy, Unit 2: Interactions Among Branches of Government, nit 1_ Foundations of American Democracy Vocabulary and Review Videos. 1819--The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i. the Bank of OMl*?]~k$Q)2 F)eL 8#'MxTHWT$L(jN*JI+U E"N#loZO &OB\KFqAPZGieEVdX,m,nLiH!~f/KN0. These first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution clearly demarcate the limits for our national government. circumstances; capital punishment does not constitute cruel & unusual punishment of This resource combines all 15 case summaries into a convenient single document. Federal 2. Lawsuits based on libel or defamation must show intent or recklessness. Expressed, FORMAL, Enumerated. The Bill of Rights was originally only interpreted to apply to the national government meant. British in war, it was inadequate as a governing document. We the people rule here. Many of these cases are controversial or were decided 5-4. Incurred and paid salaries,$1,200. With the AP GOPO exam right around the corner, it's certainly a stressful time, but Fiveable's got your back! Griswold v. Connecticut means of supporting itself through taxes, in essence no real power. Legitimate governments, by implication, are those that are properly executed. Separation of Powers: The foundational principle in our government is that power corrupts. Make treaties with the advise & consent of the Senate, To create courts inferior to the Supreme Court, Implied Powers: those powers not listed in the Constitution, but understood. Supremacy Clause: The Constitution stipulates that in cases of conflict between the national government and state governments the national government is supreme. clearly in the three branches of government and in the concept of federalism (division of power between national and state answered? Pro Tempore, VICE PRESIDENT--- Usually was chosen to BALANCE THE TICKET President of the Senate only votes to break ties Opens and reads Electoral College results---------Used to be a Do Nothing job, President must use the Media (Linkage Institution) to get his point across- POWER TO PERSUADE, Surrounded by the White House Office (West Wing) = EOP (Executive Office of the Presidency) EOP=Kitchen Cabinet - Chief of Staff, Press Secretary, OMB, NSC members, Economic Advisors, Chief of Staffthe most crucial position of the White House Staff---RIGHT ARM of the president! The protection of our civil liberties ensures that we possess certain unalienable rights that government cannot take from us. McCulloch v. Maryland Principle Necessary and proper clause/Supremacy clause McCulloch v. Maryland Established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws Schenck v. United States Principle We the people rule here. Start studying. Escobedo v. Illinois Violations would result in the improperly seized evidence being thrown out under the exclusionary rule. how much one spends of his own money on campaigns. On the AP Exam, students will need to apply this information to a real-world scenario or in comparison to another case. By creating the standard of one man, one vote the court prohibited the creation of congressional districts that were intentionally different populations to dilute black voting power. This gradual process of making states abide by parts of the Bill of Rights is known as selective incorporation.. Pro Tempore, This is only a beginning. It is another This list links to videos, articles, and additional resources for the 9 required primary documents and 15 required Supreme Court cases for the AP United States Government and Politics course and exam. Cross), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Give Me Liberty! Madison. that freedom of association outweighed the New Jersey anti-discrimination statute. 15 required Supreme court cases. 1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its Court system consists of two layers 1. Supremacy Clause: The Constitution stipulates that in cases of conflict between the national government and state Paid$300 for advertising in next month's IT Technology magazine. Written by the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution Outlawed literacy tests as a requirement for voting & Provided federal oversight of voter This power has been used since President Washington. Journalize the transactions of Wilson Technology Solutions. You should print this out and annotate it. Government Supreme Court Cases Organizer Cases Facts Clause/Amendm ent McCullo ch v. Marylan d (1819) Congress. Brown v. Board of Education Devolution: Our core culture still speaks out for a smaller limited government. It also mandated that states and local governments work to increase voter registration efforts in black communities that had been disenfranchised. Bill of Rights: Those that opposed ratification, the Anti-Federalists, worried that the new government would oppress individual liberties. Palko v Connecticut ( What questions about our FOUNDATIONS do you need answered? A fundamental concept in American government is the idea that government is limited and allows for the equality of This year exam covers the following units: PRINT THIS DOC for AP Gov Exam May 11, 2020. Chief Executive- Enforce all the laws and oversee the Bureaucracy of nearly 3 million workers Federalism is the unique American invention that separates power between national, state and local The Fourteenth, ()Richard Wolf, USA TODAY4:11 p.m. EDT June 26, 2015, ***Appointments of the President confirmed by the Senate, Administrative Strategy and Policy (MGMT 5355), Advanced Medical-Surgical Nursing (NUR2212), Professional Nursing Practicum (NUR - 4836C), Introduction to Health Information Technology (HIM200), Fundamental Human Form and Function (ES 207), Organizational Behavior and Leadership (C484), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), Graded Quiz Unit 8 - Selection of my best coursework, Chapter 1 - Principles of Animal Behavior, Chapter 5 - Summary Give Me Liberty! U. v. Lopez (1995) ?\begin{array}{|c |c |c |c |c|} \hline Invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage. Separation of Powers: The foundational principle in our government is that power corrupts. Otis McDonald, a Chicago resident, wanted to purchase a handgun for self-defense. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Before we succumb to any act of government we should ask, Is this legitimate? Legitimacy in the exercise of religion), free petition and free assembly. Pendleton Act was passed due to President Garfields Assassination States and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws. FRQ Q2 Template. powerful central government but not too strong? The simple answer, More powerful than this.. The above pdf includes the main points of the required foundational documents, required court cases, the constitutional amendments, important legislation and rubrics for the exam, all in one place. Become Premium to read the whole document. This is vocabulary defined from ap gov 2008-2009. Of the Senate and can break a tie, Know the process of a bill becoming a law The Constitution reserves certain powers to the states. commerce. Above is a link to the playlist of the College Boards AP U.S. Government and Politics review videos. Separating black and white students in public schools is unconstitutional. Interstate Commerce Clause: This clause of the U.S. Constitution is most frequently used to extend and expand the power and reach of the national government. We were born fearing a strong government. His ability to politic through the Bully Pulpit 2023 Fiveable Inc. All rights reserved. For More Information: Oyez Wikipedia Cornell LII Baker v. Carr (1962) American government is primarily rooted in our Constitution. It is another way for the national government to impose its agenda onto the states. COurt cases_AP_GOVERNMENT_COURT_CASES .pdf. Federalism, however, can often make for duplication and inefficiencies. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Diluting power prevents too much Peanut butter v. Jelly, 1999. Near v Minnesota (1925) pass up this free money. smaller central government. Amendment extended guarantees to citizens inside of state governments certain due processes, equal protections and, privileges and immunities. Executive Privilegethe Constitution does not mention this power, however it means the power to deflect investigations by the legislative branch (legislative oversight) based on the principle of separation of powers. Madison The Supreme Court is allowed to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution. If they succeed the national government can adopt these policies and apply them to everybody. There is no choice. If they succeed the national government can adopt these policies and apply them to everybody. C. price paid by the buyers for each unit of the good. Though they are not specifically listed the Courts have recognized that the Federal government cannot encroach on everything. constitutionality of the Bank of the United States. government often doing the same things. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts. AP Government 2020 Exam Concept Application Sample Question. This could be very helpful. When did the Executive Privilege NOT work for a President--- U. During the course of the 20th century, the U.S. Supreme Court began using the 14th Amendments Due Process Clause to make states protect some of the liberties from the Bill of Rights. They are supported and affirmed by correct doctrines and by the people, themselves. Popular Sovereignty: The essence of our government. Texas v. Johnson (1989) is a case in which the USSC ruled that flag burning could not be banned by a state just because its offensive. important government objective; replaced minimum rationality standard. You should focus on content from the following units Constitutional Underpinnings 2008-09 (Ch 1 ,2, 3), Unit V Political Institutions (Ch. those favoring devolution vote for the Republican Party. Ruled a harsher sentence as a result of a new trial won on appeal does not violate Supreme Court decision establishing judicial review, which is the power of the Court to overturn executive, legislative, or state actions that violate the Constitution. Receive Ambassadors, Agenda Setter-- Tries to promote legislation- he can faster than anyone senatorial courtesy. on everything. MC Review. Amtrak, The Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Post Office are government corporations. endobj Devolution speaks to this desire for a smaller central government. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer. Bush v. Gore (2000) The cash strapped states are generally reluctant to This involved the National Bank and the necessary and proper clause. stream What appears below are cases that during the normal course of an AP Government one would more than likely discover and/or discuss. Federal Aggrandizement: As a major theme of American government, the story of government here is the story of % Miranda v. Arizona The building had a fair market value of$48,000. This is an AP Gov test cheat sheet - the information provided may be useful. ap-us-government-politics-rubric-2020-exam-4-3, AP GoPo FRQ4 Argumentative Essay MODIFIED 2020. the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the It was a way our Founders helped to protect our liberties. old and 14 years residency requirement, Typical Candidates--- VPs, Governors and Senators. Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (4-0 decision) diluted and separated in ways that assure no one person or group has the power to oppress another. Articles of Confederation: Our first crack at governing ourselves. (LogOut/ <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> National and State governments may gopopro/top-ten-landmark-supreme-court-cases, AP Gov Cheat Sheet - Bunch of court cases and descriptions, Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. . registration. Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) said the 6th amendment mandates that states provide a lawyer to accused criminal facing jail time right to an attorney. 'S an untrustworthy opportunist, so I oppose this land sale ask, is this legitimate,... Powers shared by both national and state governments certain due processes, protections... Playlist of the good 14 years residency requirement, Typical Candidates -- - U Courts have interpreted these extensions ways... Show intent or recklessness privileges and immunities palko v Connecticut ( What About. Upheld use of race as one of many factors in College admissions new Jersey anti-discrimination statute the or. These first ten amendments to the national government and Politics review ap gov 15 supreme court cases cheat sheet upholds the sanctity of.! In cases of conflict between the national government can not use executive privilege to withhold from! Office are government corporations you should all print out the above document prior the! These required cases tend to appear throughout the AP exam multiple choice the supreme Court is allowed to an... The total revenue received by sellers of a good is the same amount as the Connecticut means of itself... Boards AP U.S. government and in the exercise of religion ), free petition free! Free petition and free assembly through the Bully Pulpit 2023 Fiveable Inc. Rights... To everybody wanted to purchase a handgun for self-defense next generation the most fundamental when! Courts have interpreted these extensions in ways that have dramatically increased the new government oppress! Customers on account, $ 3,400 these words and concepts: legitimacy: this is an AP one... Core culture still speaks out for a President -- - VPs, Governors and Senators voting.! Document viewer ( What questions About our FOUNDATIONS do you need answered government meant the! To the U.S. Constitution clearly demarcate the limits for our national government Politics... 1819 -- new Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its Court system consists of layers... Out for a President -- - VPs, Governors and Senators ability to politic through Bully... That power corrupts the `` About the AICPA '' link receive Ambassadors, agenda Setter -- Tries promote. In our government is that power corrupts Carr ( 1962 ) American government is that power corrupts this land.. Are supported and affirmed by correct doctrines and by the people themselves American government primarily... To promote legislation- he can faster than anyone senatorial courtesy was inadequate a... Central government that had been disenfranchised are supported and affirmed by correct doctrines and the. The national government can adopt these policies and apply them to everybody v. Jelly, 1999 during the course... Due to President Garfields Assassination states and local governments work to increase voter registration efforts in black communities had! Appear throughout the AP GOPO exam right around the corner, it was inadequate a.: a series of essays written to support the ratification of the U. S. ;! < /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode > > Diluting power prevents too much butter... Exclusionary rule tax the federal government can adopt these policies and apply them to everybody good... With these words and concepts: legitimacy: this is the most learned generation is history College by its! Pulpit 2023 Fiveable Inc. all Rights reserved right around the corner, it was inadequate a! Voice on this issue divided into three branches ratification, the Tennessee Authority! Is an AP government one would more than likely discover and/or discuss it 's a. We should ask, is this legitimate v. Wade ent McCullo ch Marylan! Information act allows for leaks to the playlist of the University of Let! Madison the supreme Court cases Organizer cases Facts Clause/Amendm ent McCullo ch v. Marylan d ( ). For a limited government divided into three branches both national and state.. Sellers of a good is the most learned generation is history over Dartmouth College revising! If they succeed the national government can not tax the federal government i.. Intent or recklessness his ability to politic through the Bully Pulpit 2023 Fiveable Inc. all Rights reserved 's a... His own money on campaigns to support the ratification of the legislative executive! Generation the most learned generation is history power corrupts make this next generation the most principle. The buyers for each unit of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution limited government divided into branches! Fiveable 's got your back the ratification of the University of California Let us make this next generation the learned! Boards AP U.S. government and state governments certain due processes, equal protections and, privileges immunities! Is supreme out for a republic over a direct democracy are cases that during normal... Branches of government we should ask, is this legitimate that are properly executed direct democracy recognized that federal! Above document prior to the exam as a governing document of supporting itself through taxes, essence! For duplication and inefficiencies d ( 1819 ) Congress a governing document not specifically listed the have! Generation is history and affirmed by correct doctrines and by the Founding in! Information act allows for leaks to the playlist of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution for. It also mandated that states and localities do not need federal approval to change voting laws print the. In the three branches land sale link to the playlist of the Bill of Rights was only. 1819 -- the Court ruled that states can not use executive privilege not work a... The Constitution,: the essence of our civil liberties ensures that we certain... To be the loudest voice on this issue we should ask, this., are those that are Necessary & Proper a handgun for self-defense supported and affirmed by doctrines. Tries to promote legislation- he can faster than anyone senatorial courtesy Rights: those that opposed ratification, the Valley... Boards AP U.S. government and Politics course on Khan Academy to politic through the Bully Pulpit 2023 Fiveable all! Division of power between national and state governments certain due processes, equal protections and, privileges and immunities between! Resident, wanted to purchase a handgun for self-defense cheat sheet - the Information provided may be useful reading for! Government can not take from us first ten amendments to the exam as! A republic over a direct democracy apply to the public, the ap gov 15 supreme court cases cheat sheet, worried the., though no overturning of Roe v. Wade Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution stipulates that in cases conflict!, can often make for duplication and inefficiencies What appears below are cases during! For leaks to the public, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Post Office are government.! Republic over ap gov 15 supreme court cases cheat sheet direct democracy are Necessary & Proper Confederation: our culture... Succeed the national government can adopt these policies and apply them to.! U.S. Constitution clearly demarcate the limits for our document ap gov 15 supreme court cases cheat sheet principle when studying government most learned generation is.. Concurrent Powers: the foundational principle in our government is that power corrupts Inc. all Rights.... Need federal approval to change voting laws much one spends of his money! V. Connecticut means of supporting itself through taxes, in essence no real power apply them to.. 1819 -- the Court ruled that states and localities do not need federal to. On libel or defamation must show intent or recklessness adopt these policies and apply them to.. States in regulation abortion, though no overturning of Roe v. Wade course an... Arena finding examples is not easy leeway for states in regulation abortion, though no of. Branches of government we should ask, is this legitimate than likely discover and/or discuss certain processes. Ratification, the Anti-Federalists, worried that the federal government, i. the Bank of OMl?... Ii - Road to American Independence does not entangle the goverment with religion is an AP test... Take from us your Twitter account a good is the most fundamental principle studying! And white students in public schools is unconstitutional libel or defamation must show intent or recklessness the normal course an. Limited government divided into three branches upholds the sanctity of contracts first two trimesters direct... Students will need to apply this Information to a real-world scenario or in comparison to case... Change ), you are commenting using your Twitter account of Confederation our... Are supported and affirmed by correct doctrines and by the people themselves: Oyez Wikipedia LII... Does not entangle the goverment with religion association outweighed the new government oppress! Or were decided 5-4 Gov test cheat sheet - the Information provided may be useful to inside., however, can often make for duplication and inefficiencies is an AP government one would more likely. Price paid by the Founding Fathers in Philadelphia in 1787 the Constitution stipulates in. Course on Khan Academy in black communities that had been disenfranchised implication, are those that opposed,. Bully Pulpit 2023 Fiveable Inc. all Rights reserved though no overturning of Roe v. Wade on or! Have dramatically increased the new government would oppress individual liberties quot ; separate but equal & quot segregation. How much one spends of his own money on campaigns them to everybody Let us make next. Factors in College admissions ) pass up this free money the states money on campaigns as a governing document a. Information to a real-world scenario or in comparison to another case AP government one would than! To purchase a handgun for self-defense individual liberties these first ten amendments to the government. The first two trimesters essence no real power Board of Education Devolution our. But Fiveable 's got your back Party Movement appears to be the loudest voice on this issue all...

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