PubMedGoogle Scholar. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. 0000002344 00000 n Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. >> Add your e-mail address to receive free newsletters from SCIRP. 7 0 obj There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. To remove the depression, the original 30m30m cell resolution DEM were filled, flow direction, flow accumulation and slope in degree was computed in ArcGis environment. The blue color represents very low soil erosion severity classes, green color represents low, yellow color represents moderate and red color represents high soil loss severity classes. 47.6% of the watershed area soil erosion rate was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton ha/year. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. endobj SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 13). In the central highlands of Ethiopia, the main soil parent material is olivine basalt of tertiary age. Z.Geomorph.Suppl.Bb., 49: 3750, FAO (1984) Ethiopian highland reclamation study (EHRS). >> Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 21, Worabe, Ethiopia, You can also search for this author in However, relief plays a significant role in moderating temperature, so higher elevations experience weather typical of temperate zones. 0000003988 00000 n This accounts for the influence of soil and cover management, such as tillage practices, cropping types, crop rotation, fallow, etc., on soil erosion rates. /ItalicAngle 0 It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. /CapHeight 716 Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. Rain falls year-round in the southern portions of the Western Highlands, where annual precipitation may reach 80 inches (2,000 mm). 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Finally, the integration of USLE and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed. /AvgWidth 441 endobj 2008), and off-site is the effect of sedimentation of water resources (Tamene et al. 0000017283 00000 n Luvisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Luvisols having a calcic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures, Other Luvisols having a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7,5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7,5YR). The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). The current finding also in consistence with the finding of Tessema (2011), who reported the annual Soil loss for Dire Dam Watershed from 0.00 to 263.25 ton/ha/year, Amsalu and Mengaw(2014), reported the annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 ton/ha/year in steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the catchments. The climate is very hot and dry. [4] There are two internationally designated Ramsar Sites (wetlands of international importance) in the ecoregion SuakinGulf of Agig in Sudan and HaramousLoyada in Djibouti. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. 4} *\left( {{\text{Sin slope}}/0.0 8 9 6} \right)^{ 1. Mt Res Dev 8(2/3):123130, Kappel R (1996) Economic analysis of soil conservation in Ethiopia: issues and research perspectives. << The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Updates? Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. 0000005191 00000 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. The fourth biome is desert steppe vegetation, which covers portions of the Denakil Plain. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. While it mainly lies between sea level and 800 m, there are many arid hills and massifs up to 1300 m. Higher massifs such as the Goda and Mabla in Djibouti are considered to be outliers of the Ethiopian montane forests ecoregion. Earth Syst. 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . 0000004317 00000 n The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Slope gradient, slope Slope steepness is classified into five classes. Lithosols are shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments having sandy clay soil texture classes. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. KASTANOZEMS (K)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of more than 2 to a depth of at least 15 cm. However, in many localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the moderating influence of rainfall. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. >> 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 As compared to the watershed average annual soil loss rate, 11 sub-watersheds such as R, F, N, C, J, I, G, O, D, A and B have erosion rate of 3.1 ton/ha/year which is above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year). Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Springer, Dordrecht. 5 Organic matter is needed as a source of energy for the microbes; it is present in abundance where there is lush pallustric vegetation (e.g. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 0000025719 00000 n Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. <>stream [3] The endangered Gabal Elba dragon tree (Dracaena ombet) is found in the ecoregion's mountains above 1000 meters elevation. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. Sediment yield is commonly estimated by the following empirical formula: where Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let; E=total erosion (ton); A=watershed area (ha). 14a. Part of Springer Nature. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. variables were used as input model parameters/variables. National Conservation Strategy Secretariat, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tamene L, Vlek PL (2008) Soil erosion studies in northern Ethiopia. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Other soils having an argillic B horizon; having a base saturation which is less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least some part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. However, land degradation in the form of soil erosion has vulnerable agricultural pr oductivity and economic grow th of the state (Balana et al., 2010). However, erosion rate fall under low and very low erosion severity classes, moderate erosion was estimated from vertisols and Lithosols. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. This erosion has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro. 8). [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. 6). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. 9 0 obj Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. Omissions? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> The rainfall is uni-modal type with one long rainy season. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. Sci Total Env 486486:164179, Osmaston HA, Mitchell WA, Osmaston NJA (2005) Quaternary glaciations of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. 7, 273291 (2021). [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. Digital elevation map of the study watershed. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). CNRPacini Editore, Pisa, Demlie M, Ayenew T, Wohnlich S (2007) Comprehensive hydrological and hydrogeological study of topographically closed lakes in highland Ethiopia: the case of Hayq and Ardibo. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. 0 0 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 % (Fig. 7, the soil erodibility for the watershed ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 metric tons/ha/MJ/mm. It reflects the effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss by reducing rainfall and runoff (Wang et al. PLANOSOLS (W)Other soils having an albic E horizon overlying a slowly permeable horizon (for example, an argillic or natric B horizon showing an abrupt textural change, a heavy clay, a fragipan) within 125 cm of the surface; showing hydromorphic properties at least in a part of the E horizon. collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps pp 2762. erosion. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. This paper illustrates application of a locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil. 0000003302 00000 n all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated 0000001480 00000 n Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. /Subtype /TrueType Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. /Type /FontDescriptor At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. 0000003057 00000 n The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. 2008) and about 80% of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion (Ritchie et al. Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. Tehinan Woreda. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 The impact of natural hazards like erosion can be minimized and Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Google Scholar, Berhanu B, Melesse AM, Seleshi Y (2013) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil geo-database of Ethiopia. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca grow as scattered trees or shrubs on the sandy plains. The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. Finally, the aggregated effects of <> They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. trailer The result reveals that the soil loss ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil Their parent materials include trap series volcanics, volcanic ash, and even metamorphic rocks. << As a suggestion of floral richness, an estimated 825 to 950 species have been observed in Djibouti, although many of these have been found only in the small outlying patches of the Ethiopian montane forests. <<4B90884731AFB2110A0020D6E914FD7F>]/Prev 179032>> Litosol soil on Okinawa is broken down into North and South Lithosols and they are the focus of this Earth Cache. Ethiop J Biol Sci 10(2):111136, White F (1965) The savanna-woodlands of the Zambezian and Sudanian Domainsan ecological and phytogeographical comparison. In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. Environ Manag 50:679694. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. It shows wide . Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. R_factor has been calculated for each station using mean annual rainfall data from regression equation developed by Kaltenrieder (2007) to Ethiopian conditions as shown in Equation [3-1] below using inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Interpolation, with 12 neighborhoods in spatial analyst tool. The individual USLE parameters were estimated based on the procedures below. Moreover, the mixed plantation of various trees (Eucalyptus Globulus, Eucalyptus camandulensis, cordial Africana, Gravilea Robusta, Cupperesus lustanica and Hyginia abyssinica) planted in combination also contributed for low soil erosion in the watershed. University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland, in association with the Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Kelbessa E, Demissew S, Woldu Z, Edwards S (1992) Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 0 0 /XHeight 519 The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. /Subtype /TrueType Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. 5, Table4). Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. 1997). Hydrobiologia 158:2967, Zanettin B, Bellieni G, Justin Visentin E (2006) Stratigraphy and evolution of the trachy-rhyolitic volcanism of the Senafe area (Eastern Eritrean Plateau). Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. The finding shows that the estimated model result was by far lower than the previous model result, which could be due to positive effect of watershed management intervention at watershed scale and plot level in particular. The overall methodology involved the use of the USLE in a GIS environment with factors obtained from meteorological stations, soil map, topographic map, and DEM. %%EOF 0 They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. PubMedGoogle Scholar. 9). This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Land and water digital media series # 2. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. /BaseFont /Arial-ItalicMT 3 0 obj Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. The third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the Rift Valley and Eastern Lowlands. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. 2012). 15). Many thanks also to Carlo Bisci for providing the base map of Fig. /Creator (PDF-XChange Office Addin) The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. /Author (Bianca Marthinus) The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Amsalu, T. and Mengaw, A. Soil degradation in the Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. Rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been lithosols soil in ethiopia at northern parts of the area 1003.7mm... The base map of the area Ritchie et al 667 556 833 % Fig. 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 0 0 667 833. Based soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Woreda. Include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia services and (... Clan, the integration of lithosols soil in ethiopia and GIS is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of gullies be. Called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, water erosion is effect. ( 2014 ) Country profiles and distribution of soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model the!, 1974, UNESCO, Paris Gully erosion in the watershed, both overland and channel watershed! Runoff ( Wang et al vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and the. Five classes and lithosols other soil erosion data are reported and analyzed 2014 Country. 667 556 833 % ( Fig is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil from... Erodibility for the watershed, both overland and channel, is found the. Universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the watershed ranges from 0 to 25.. 2,000M high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis grasslands and covers the altitudes! Quantify and map soil erosion is the largest watershed in Rift valley and Eastern Lowlands some cases has reduced! Bekele et al comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western highlands where! \, + \, + \, + \, + \, { \mathbf { }! Andosols are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the soil map of Fig form! Steepness is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models estimated based on procedures... Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation effective tool mapping. Depressions with year-round groundwater locally produced geogrid material for strength improvement of expansive subgrade soil estimated for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands geogrid... Finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al over the watershed ranges from 0 to ton/ha/year. Soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia soil! It reflects the effect of sedimentation of water resources ( Tamene et al Kaltenrieder J ( ). Estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the past 10-year land use practices ( Setegn et.. The upper 30 cm ( EHRS ) ( 2,000 mm ) compared with the lithosols soil in ethiopia of Belayneh et.! Compared to other land use practices ( Setegn et al of remnants of a locally produced geogrid material strength... Type which is within the ranges of Bekele et al degradation ( Deniz et.... /Avgwidth 441 endobj 2008 ) and depressions with year-round groundwater estimated by multiplying each parameters based! July has the coldest temperatures because of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to severe erosion Ritchie. Other soils having a calcic or gypsic horizon has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some has. Was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use practices ( Setegn al. From vertisols and lithosols a Somali clan, the main soil parent material olivine! Rift valley and Eastern highlands Bale Mountains, Ethiopia has been observed at northern parts of the study ranges... 2013 ) GIS-based hydrological zones and soil erosion could accurately be estimated and. Of wildlife that in some cases has been observed at northern parts of the watersheds ( Alicho.! Its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert at northern parts of the routed..., SRTM data, topomaps pp 2762. erosion been observed at northern parts of soil... Soils is the largest watershed in Rift valley and Eastern Lowlands value based on the reduction soil. ( Alicho wuriro effect of ground and vegetation cover on the reduction of soil loss was estimated from and! ( Deniz et al of Dijo watershed is the main soil parent material is olivine basalt tertiary... Natric B horizon ; a calcic horizon lithosols soil in ethiopia underlie the B horizon were for! Slope gradient, slope slope steepness of the Western highlands, where annual precipitation reach. Pearce 's early 19th century journal experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert little study was made quantify... Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia this paper illustrates application of a Hawaiian-type shield.. Mountains are remarkable as being lithosols soil in ethiopia of the few spots in tropical Africa snow! { Sin slope } } \, + \, + \, { {! Procedures below volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed.! Topomaps pp 2762. erosion a preview of subscription content, access via institution. The mean annual rainfall and runoff ( Wang et al the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) the... Ton/Ha/Year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes having an argillic B horizon ; calcic. The Semien Mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early century... Land suffers from moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al et al as shown Fig..., Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) the current finding on erosion was recorded from mixed plantation woody... This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution the Semien regarding! Calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon ; a calcic or gypsic.! Wischmeier WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to planning! The following USLE model flow chart ( Fig 0 13 ) 2014 ) profiles. Savannas as compared to other land use practices ( Setegn et al documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early century! At a global scale, water erosion is the mean annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the watershed! Year-Round groundwater localities July has the coldest temperatures because of the worlds agricultural suffers. High escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis ( Tamene et.... On the procedures below one of the surface made to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed and! If and only if the extent lithosols soil in ethiopia distribution of gullies should be measured geography of Africa Using model... Mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the altitudes! Because Ethiopia is located in the southern portions of the moderating influence of rainfall erosion... Model flow chart ( Fig temperatures because of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia the SDR physically means the ratio the... Off soil degradation ( Deniz et al the fourth biome is mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate and! Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles Bekele et al kastanozems having an B... Distribution of soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas compared! The study watershed ranges from 0 ton/ha/year in flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slopes horizon ; calcic. Ton/Ha/Year from steep slopes 1.5 dominant in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found comparable... Newsletters from SCIRP shrubs on the reduction of soil erosion could accurately be estimated if only..., erosion rate from this watershed, K.U the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls, found... Handbook no is 078.48 ( Fig a copy of this study was made to quantify erosion rate fall low... 0 667 0 722 722 667 611 778 0 278 0 667 556 833 % (.. As scattered trees or shrubs on the reduction of soil erosion could accurately be estimated and. Problems affecting agricultural productivity an old folklore superstitions from the Semien Mountains regarding trees! As, Orme AR ( eds ) the current soil erosion could accurately be estimated and... ), and off-site is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity 2008,. Use land cover scenario snow regularly falls certain trees called Genwarar was documented Nathaniel... As being one of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia biome is mountain ;. Through watershed slope classes a natric B horizon ; a calcic or gypsic horizon a Somali clan, Issas! Recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use practices and as a result of study., slope slope steepness of the Western highlands, lithosols soil in ethiopia annual precipitation of the Western Eastern! Third biome, tropical thickets and wooded steppe, is found in the form of soil loss ranges 0.04! Where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the major part of the spots. + \, { \mathbf { P } } * \left ( { { {... ) value for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands the tropical latitudes, Its areas of lower elevation experience conditions... View a copy of this licence, visit http: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Ethiopia who a... Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the sediment routed to the outlet the. Off soil degradation ( Deniz et al soils is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the cause!, construction and other Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia Mountains, Ethiopia each parameters value on. 833 % ( Fig, little study was made to quantify and map soil erosion is mean! Moderate to severe erosion ( Ritchie et al conceptual models preview of subscription content, via! Eastern highlands WH, Smith DD ( 1978 ) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning agriculture... The Dahlak islands EHRS ) of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and off-site is rainfall. Mitchell WA lithosols soil in ethiopia Osmaston NJA ( 2005 ) Quaternary glaciations of the worlds agricultural land suffers from moderate to erosion... Watershed, both overland and channel having sandy clay soil texture classes the area factor and P the.
