This note does not cover the board’s wider responsibility in ensuring an adequate AF is in place. The AFR may consist of multiple components, and these www3.aktuare.de. 6 Article 48 of Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of November 25, 2009, on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II). CHAPTER I Subject matter, scope and definitions . 40-72) Directive - Article 48 (g) express an opinion on the overall underwriting policy; Delegated Act - Article 272 (6) … shall at least include conclusions regarding the following considerations: a) The sufficiency of the premiums to be earned to cover future claims and expenses, notably taking into consideration the underlying risks (including The Directive 2009/138/EC (“Solvency II Directive”} sets out the conditions for the activation of the country component in Article 77d (4). Article 50. Member States may include in the definition of investment firms … General information. Directive 2009/138 / EC Solvency II requires insurance and reinsurance undertakings to evaluate the Solvency Capital Requirement or through the so-called “standard formula” or through partial or full internal models. 2.2 Actuarial Function Report (AFR) - The report from the Actuarial Function to the AMSB in accordance with Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive and associated regulations, standards and guidelines. The European debt crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis, is a multi-year debt crisis that has been taking place in the European Union (EU) since the end of 2009. regard to the System of Governance as requested in Article 49 of the General approach on the Solvency II Directive proposal adopted by the ECOFIN Council on 2 December 2008 1 (“Level 1 text”). The Framework Directive specifies a role for the 'actuarial function' that we must ensure that we are fully prepared for. Internal audit. The Solvency II Directive1 changes the environment of insurance companies drastically: ... article 48 of the Directive), the existing roles as Appointed Actuary and in the context of the external audit may change; however new roles in Risk … Part of this necessitates that we understand just what we are being asked to do. Additionally, Article 82 of Solvency II requires local regulators to validate that there The solvency requirement in this directive is formed to ensure that an insurers’ capital can act as a bu er against adverse business uctuations. The Solvency II Directive was transposed into Irish law in November 2015, effective from 1 January 2016. The AFR may consist of multiple components, and these components may be issued at different dates. Background to Solvency II and the fifth quantitative impact study Solvency II is a regulatory project that provides a risk-based, economic-based and principle-based framework for the supervision of (re)insurance undertakings. report under the Solvency II Directive (GCASP2), 30.9.2011 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 This ESAP applies to actuaries performing actuarial services when issuing an AFR in connection with an undertakings compliance with Article 48 (1) of the Solvency II Directive and paragraph 8 of Article 272 of the Commission Delegated Regulation on Solvency II. The Solvency II Directive introduces the idea of a formal Actuarial Function to have responsibility over delivering the requirements of Article 48 of the Directive. With Solvency II ready for implementation as per 2016, it is a good time to analyse the effectiveness of the framework. The Solvency II Directive introduces the idea of a formal Actuarial Function to have responsibility over delivering the requirements of Article 48 of the Directive. The Directive requires all covered AIFMs to obtain authorisation, and make various disclosures as a condition of operation. We build on earlier analyses of the preliminary framework dating from 2009. Article 76 of the Solvency II Directive states: “… 2. Welcome to the Solvency II Association, the largest association of Solvency II professionals in the world. Article 46. Article 273 of Delegated Regulation 2015/35. Solvency II represents a fundamental review of the capital adequacy regime for the European insurance industry. This memorandum is aimed at providing a high level summary of the Solvency II Framework Directive (2009/138/EC) (“Solvency II” or “Directive”). Solvency II, in Pursuant to Article 104(7) and subject to approval by the supervisory authorities, insurance and reinsurance undertakings may, within the design of the standard formula, replace a subset of the standard formula Solvency I is from 2002 and consists of 74 articles. Solvency II requires all insurance companies to have an effective governance system in place. The aim of ESAP 2 is to provide guidelines to actuaries in drawing up the actuarial function report so that this complies with reporting requirements of article 48 of Directive 2009/138/EC and article 272 of the delegated regulation 2015/35 of the commission of the 10 th October 2014. 1.3 Underlying Principles Aon Global Risk Consulting – Time to upgrade your Solvency II partner Our team assists (re)insurance companies, using the risk strategy defined by the Board of Directors, to document and implement Solvency II Directive compliant process Regarding the 3 Pillars structure, we have developed a wide range of fit-to-purpose services helping insurance and reinsurance … Article 52. Directive 2006/48/EC of 14 June 2006 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions. Actuarial function. EIOPA is required to publish the Risk-free Interest Rate for Solvency II. Solvency II Directive Recitals 26, 29, 36, 49, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67 Supervisory Authorities and scope of Supervision - Article 30 Supervisory Review Process - Article 36 Report on Solvency and Financial Condition - Article 51 Solvency Capital Requirement - Articles 100 to 111 Solvency II Delegated Regulation Delegated acts and regulatory technical standards . On April 1, 2015 the approval processes began, and after years of delay and negotiations, the Europe-wide capital regime for insurance companies came … 1.6. 1.Key functions. Ostrum – Solvency II Capital Requirements for Debt Instruments - 8 2.2. This section outlines the Solvency II requirements for documentation. 7Guide to self-regulation for the practical application of the actuarial function under the Solvency II framework. 1. Solvency 2 Slide 5 Requirements on IM •Use test (Article 118) −Fit the business and reflect the risk profile −Understanding the model and providing on-going appropriateness of IM −Widely usage within the undertaking, in conducting business, risk management and in economic/solvency capital assessment and allocation In advance of Solvency II becoming effective, the Central Bank of Ireland (CBI) published the ‘Domestic Actuarial Regime and Related Governance Requirements Under Solvency II’ (the ‘Requirements’). It acknowledges the main characteristics of the (re)insurance sector by building upon them. Solvency II project, including the list of implementing measures and timetable until implementation.1 1.2. Fit & Proper policy. This report is the Solvency and Financial Condition Report ("SFCR") of Lemonade Insurance N.V. for the reporting period that ended December 31, 2020, pursuant to Articles 51, 53 and 54 of Directive 2009/138/EC (as amended, the “Directive”) – as implemented in Article 3:73c of the The role of the Actuarial Function is defined by Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive. The European Commission adopted the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35 to further specify the requirements set forth in the aforementioned articles of the Solvency II Framework Directive (Article 50 of the S II Framework Directive as amended by the Omnibus II Directive). The remainder of the Solvency 2 Directive is implemented by the Financial Services and Markets … „The main purposes of the Solvency II Directive are to increase the protection of policyholders , create a level playing field for the insurance industry in the European single market and ensure substantially uniform supervisory practices throughout Europe (Directive 2009/138/EC, Recital (3) and Article 27). The requirements of Solvency II will be enshrined at three different levels: Level 1 Solvency II Directive adopted by the Council of the European Union and Parliament The consolidated data should be calculated on the basis of the consolidated accounts that have been valued according to Solvency II Directive rules with respect to the recognition and valuation of balance sheet items as well as the inclusion and treatment of the related undertakings. The value of technical provisions shall correspond to the current amount insurance and reinsurance undertakings would have to pay if they were to transfer their insurance and governance tasks described in Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive. This role incorporates responsibility for the tasks of the actuarial function as outlined in Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive along with added Solvency II project, including the list of implementing measures and timetable until implementation. Article number: 48. If yes, please explain why the proposals meet the requirements of Article 109 … The Solvency II Directive introduced a new solvency regime that has applied since 1 January 2016 to about 5000 (re)insurance undertakings in the European Economic Area (EEA). Legal basis This report is required under Article 301a(2) of the Solvency II Directive. Article 48(1)(i) of Solvency II sets out the role of the actuarial function and how it should contribute to the It also includes material that could be considered for … “Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) (recast)” 2 (henceforth referred to as the “Solvency II Directive” or the “Level 1 text”). MiFID II > TITLE I > Article 4 (Copy link to clipboard) 1. Solvency II (the “Domestic Actuarial Regime”) introduce the requirement for all (re)insurance undertakings to appoint a Head of Actuarial Function (“HoAF”). Section 3 Public disclosure. Internal rules on external functions. DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Article 101 ðl ˝The Solvency Capital Requirement shall be calibrated so as to ensure that ... Solvency II: Overall SCR Article 101 Risk Tolerance 99.5% Risk Measure Value-at-Risk 1-177) Chapter IV Conditions governing business (arts. Directive 2014/51/EU (the Omnibus II Directive)6. The Solvency II Directive introduces the idea of a formal Actuarial Function to have responsibility over delivering the requirements of Article 48 of the Directive. Directive 2009/138/EC - Insurance and Reinsurance Directive (recast) (Solvency II) Title I General Rules on the Taking-Up and Pursuit of Direct Insurance and Reinsurance Activities (arts. Solvency II Directive as could be seen from the conjunction of Recital 33 and Article 42. b. EIOPA does not share the view that the risk management, the compliance, the internal audit and the actuarial function included in the system of governance are the only key functions possible. DIRECTIVE 138/2009/EC (SOLVENCY II DIRECTIVE) TITLE I GENERAL RULES ON THE TAKING-UP AND PURSUIT OF DIRECT INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE ACTIVITIES. Close description Persons or firms not authorised by the PRA. Directive 2011/61/EU is a legal act of the European Union on the financial regulation of hedge funds, private equity, real estate funds, and other "Alternative Investment Fund Managers" (AIFMs) in the European Union. It is one of the four key functions defined in the explanations for Section 24 VAG. Article 47. Q1.9: Do you have any other suggestions for a simplified calculation of the sub-modules of the life underwriting risk module? Solvency II has presented our profession with an interesting challenge and opportunity. 2.2 Solvency I The Solvency I directive is the current solvency directive used by the insurance under-takings of the EU member states. These are: adequate contingency plans in place to deal with insurance firms remain fully responsible for discharging all the Solvency II Directive requirements, notwithstanding any outsourcing; periodically tests backup facilities where necessary; Solvency II is a new European system of supervision that is intended to provide supervisory authorities with the best qualitative and quantitative tools required to assess the overall solvency of an insurance undertaking with sufficient accuracy. These sections cite the relevant Level 1 text Own risk and solvency assessment. It also includes material that could be considered for … The European Commission has reviewed Solvency II Directive[1] and provided amendments to this directive[2] ("Draft”)[3]. (The corresponding article is implemented in the Solvency II directive, by the Omnibus II directive) Do you intend to apply for the transitional measure on the risk-free interest rates as set out in article 308c of the Solvency II 2.3 Actuarial services- Services based upon actuarial considerations, provided to In a speech at an ABI conference in March, Woods cast doubt on claims about the capital-releasing possibilities of the Solvency II overhaul, including the ABI’s assertion that reforms to the risk margin could free up £35bn ($48.7bn). Article 1 - Subject Matter; Article 2 - Scope; SECTION 2 Exclusions from scope . Article 1 - Subject Matter. 1.14. Actuarial function48 details listed Outsourced functions of any insurance or reinsurance activities49 remain fully responsible for discharging all of their obligations under this Directive for 49(1). 1.3 Underlying Principles Article 49 of the Directive provides three overriding principles in relation to outsourcing. The proposed changes in this Draft aim to further strengthen the insurance sector and to encourage insurance undertakings to adopt long-term sustainable financing of the economy. 6 Level 1 texts : Solvency II Directive adopted by the European Council and Parliament : • Article 48 defines the Actuarial Function & Article 44 and 45 defines the Risk Function Level 2 texts : Delegated Acts issued by the European Commission • Explicit references on Article 272 for the Actuarial Function & Article 269 for the Risk Function Level 3 texts : Technical … 1. out in Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive. Article 77, § 7 of the Solvency II Law Policies on governance sensu stricto. Article 484: Eligibility for grandfathering of items that qualified as own funds under national transposition measures for Directive 2006/48/EC Article 485: Eligibility for inclusion in the Common Equity Tier 1 of share premium accounts related to items that qualified as own funds under national transposition measures for Directive 2006/48/EC Aktuarielle Funktion. 1.2. Directive 2009/138/EC - Insurance and Reinsurance Directive (recast) (Solvency II) Title I General Rules on the Taking-Up and Pursuit of Direct Insurance and Reinsurance Activities (arts. SECTION 1 Subject matter and scope. If a … Although the Solvency II Directive has no explicit requirements towards insurance intermediaries, it has implications on insurance intermediaries. It is easy to see why there has been considerable deliberation and, indeed, some confusion in interpreting the Solvency II requirements. This provision represents an element of risk-sensitivity and prudential soundness of the credit risk rules. materially impairing the quality of the system of governance of the undertaking concerned 49.2(a) or unduly increasing the operational risk 2(b); assumptions Allocations for those 25 ECAIs remain unchanged. Article 234 refers to the technical principles and methods set out in Article (Solvency II Directive 2009/138/EC, Article 77) Risk-free Interest Rate The Risk -free Interest Rate term structure is relevant for the calculation of liabilities by insurance and reinsurance undertakings. Remuneration policy. Use of external credit assessments in Solvency II Solvency II allows the use of external credit assessments of ECAIs for purpose of calculating technical provisions and the Solvency Capital Requirement (Article 44(4a)). connection with an undertaking’s compliance with Article 48 (1) of the Solvency II Directive and paragraph 8 of Article 272 of the Commission delegated regulation (EU) 2015/35. The AFR may consist of multiple components, and these The Actuarial Function expresses formal written opinions on the technical provisions, the overall underwriting policy and the adequacy of … He said such numbers “are a little speculative”. Analysts at Mediobanca are similarly sceptical. Ever since the publication of Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive, there has been much debate and discussion as to the role and responsibilities of the Solvency II Actuary and how actuarial departments should be structured. Insurance and reinsurance undertakings shall provide for an effective actuarial function to: (a) coordinate the calculation of technical provisions; (b) ensure the appropriateness of the methodologies and underlying models used as well as the assumptions made in the calculation of technical provisions; (c) assess the sufficiency and quality of the … 7Guide to self-regulation for the practical application of the actuarial function under the Solvency II framework. We discuss the contents, merits and background of … however, as the above discussion has shown, the technical challenges arising from solvency ii are wider than the activities listed in article 48 and … Go to Non-Solvency II firms Who are Non-SII firms? Solvency II comprises extensive regulations on quantative and qualitative aspects of risk management . It specifically addresses the documentation ... Due to the unique structure of Lloyd’s and the application of the Solvency II directive at society level, some of this guidance will not be relevant to non Lloyd’s firms. governance tasks described in Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive. Report on solvency and financial condition: contents. In a speech at an ABI conference in March, Woods cast doubt on claims about the capital-releasing possibilities of the Solvency II overhaul, including the ABI’s assertion that reforms to the risk margin could free up £35bn ($48.7bn). Solvency II article 48 : the actuarial function 1) Insurance and reinsurance undertakings shall provide for an effective actuarial function to undertake the following: a) To coordinate the calculation of technical provisions; b) To . Other Rules Go to Non-authorised persons Who are Non-authorised persons? substance over form •In accordance with Article 48 (2) of the Solvency II Framework Directive, the actuarial function shall be carried out by persons: o who have knowledge of … of 25 November 2009. on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) (recast) (Text with EEA relevance) THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE EURO­ PEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European … Solvency II Standard Formula SCR: Market Risk Module – Spread Risk Sub-module. Article 48(2) Framework Directive •No monopoly for persons with an actuarial qualification, i.e. 1.2.2 ESAP 2 assumes that actuaries will also comply with ESAP1, approved as a model standard by the AAE on […]. Article 4 - Definitions. CHAPTER I Subject matter, scope and definitions. DIRECTIVE 138/2009/EC (SOLVENCY II DIRECTIVE) TITLE I GENERAL RULES ON THE TAKING-UP AND PURSUIT OF DIRECT INSURANCE AND REINSURANCE ACTIVITIES . The Delegated Regulation is directly applicable in all Member States. We use 12 criteria to assess the effectiveness of Solvency II, and conclude that overall, Solvency II is … Several eurozone member states (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Cyprus) were unable to repay or refinance their government debt or to bail out over-indebted banks … Article 48 of the framework directive contains a catalogue of tasks, which represents a minimum standard. A closer look at Solvency II Roger Dix A review of the respective roles of the risk management and actuarial functions 28 April 2010 Actuarial Function –Article 48 • 1 Insurance and reinsurance undertakings shall provide for an effective actuarial function to: • (a) coordinate the calculation of technical provisions; Member States shall require insurance and reinsurance undertakings to submit to the supervisory authorities the information which is necessary for the purposes of supervision. 40-72) Analysts at Mediobanca are similarly sceptical. The board of the managing agent will have established the composition of the AF and how the directive requirements are to be met. We invite you to connect with the global community of experts working for the implementation of the Solvency II framework, to explore new career avenues, and most of all, to acquire lifelong skills. Boardin accordance with Article 48 of the Solvency II Directiveand associated regulations, standards and guidelines. Directive 2006/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions. connection with an undertaking’s compliance with Article 48 (1) of the Solvency II Directive and paragraph 8 of Article 272 of the Commission delegated regulation (EU) 2015/35. Data Management and Solvency II – A Challenge for Business and IT Article 48 of the Solvency II directive requires insurance companies to proactively assess the sufficiency and quality of data used to calculate technical provisions . report under the Solvency II Directive (GCASP2), 30.9.2011 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 This ESAP applies to actuaries performing actuarial services when issuing an AFR in connection with an undertakings compliance with Article 48 (1) of the Solvency II Directive and paragraph 8 of Article 272 of the Commission Delegated Regulation on Solvency II. The actuarial function (VMF) is a function in an insurance company that is required under Solvency II (Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive) and in Section 31 of the Insurance Supervision Act. ensure the appropriateness of the methodologies. Solvency II 3.1 High Level Principles Article 35 of the Directive stipulates that undertakings submit the following information to their supervisor: 1. These Guidelines provide further specification on the data quality criteria that should be taken into account during the process of calculating undertaking-specific parameters and group-specific parameters. Outsourcing. (ii) a confirmation of the period prior to the application for which the internal model has been used in the risk management system and decision making processes in accordance with the requirements set out in Chapter 10 of Solvency Capital Requirement - Internal Models Part of the PRA Rulebook Article 120 of Directive 2009/138/EC; … 1-177) Chapter IV Conditions governing business (arts. (ii) a confirmation of the period prior to the application for which the internal model has been used in the risk management system and decision making processes in accordance with the requirements set out in Chapter 10 of Solvency Capital Requirement - Internal Models Part of the PRA Rulebook Article 120 of Directive 2009/138/EC; … The Solvency II Directive, along with the Omnibus II Directive that amended it became a law on March 31, 2015. Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive places the Actuarial Function on a statutory basis covering, inter alia: Skill sets required for those working within the Actuarial Function; Tasks & responsibilities assigned to the Actuarial Function; Actuarial Function interactions with other prescribed functions under Solvency II (Risk and INTEREST RATE SUB-MODULE • Reference: Articles 164 to 166, 43 to 48 and EIOPA-BoS-15/035 for the curve calculation The interest rate sub-module is based on the calculation of losses under two opposite scenarios on the interest article 48 of the solvency ii directive recognizes the need for actuarial input and advice on a number of particular areas of great significance to insurance companies and their reported results. Solvency II envisages the TPs being calculated on a market consistent basis. This Paper provides advice for the Level 2 implementing measures referred to in Article 234 of the Solvency II Level 1 text1 (herein “Level 1 text”). based capital system. According to Article 215 of the Solvency II Directive, where a subgroup referred to in Article 213(2)(a) and (b) of the Solvency II Directive exists, the acting group supervisor as defined in Article 260 of the Solvency II Directive, after consulting with other supervisory authorities concerned, should ensure that Pursuant to this provision, the delegation of power referred to in Articles 17, 31, 35, 37, 50, 56, 75, 86, 92, 97, Article 3 - Statutory systems Solvency II. Close description Insurance firms not subject to the Solvency II Directive. Ensuring, assessing, comparing, informing. Article 42, § 1, 6° of the Solvency II Law and Article 275 of Delegated Regulation 2015/35. II. 3/48 Responding to this paper ... (Solvency II), Directive 2011/61/EU (AIFM), Directive 2014/65/EU (MiFID II) and Directive 2016/97/EU (Insurance Distribution Directive- IDD) with regard to the integration of sustainability risks and sustainability factors. In accordance with Article 16 of Regulation (EU) No 1094/20104 EIOPA issues these Guidelines addressed to the supervisory authorities to provide guidance on how insurance and reinsurance undertakings should apply the governance requirements foreseen in Directive 2009/138/EC5 (“Solvency II Directive”) and in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No … Article 48 defines the responsibilities as technical provisions, an opinion on reinsurance adequacy, an opinion on underwriting policy and contributing to the risk management system. Introduction to Solvency 2. 6 Article 48 of Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, of November 25, 2009, on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II). requirements of Article 109 of the Solvency II Directive. Solvency 2 1. Internal control. The Articles 42 to 49 of the Solvency II Directive provide the framework for a sound and effective system of governance. regard to the System of Governance as requested in Article 49 of the General approach on the Solvency II Directive proposal adopted by the ECOFIN Council on 2 December 2008 1 (“Level 1 text”). Article 47 Internal audit function Article 48 Actuarial function Article 49 Outsourcing Article 43 Proof of good repute Some risks are better addressed by determining new governance standards and not just by setting additional quantitative risk management requirements Solvency II Directive 9 Source: KPMG Netherlands and underlying models used as well as the . The Regulations implement in part Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of insurance and reinsurance (Solvency II) (OJ L335, 17.12.2009, p.1) (the “Solvency 2 Directive”). The Solvency II Directive1changes the environment of insurance companies drastically: the complexity of the solvency quantification raises the bar on technical expertise2; the governance system requires a sound risk management system and introduces the lines of defense. A. elements of this Directive by supplementing it, shall be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article 304(3). The Directive was adopted by the European Parliament in April, 2009 and is due to be implemented across Europe on 31 October, 2012 (possible postponement Concerning the approval process, the Basel II/III regulations were brought forward by the international Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Footnote 36 and translated into European law in two Directives (Directive 2006/48/EC and 2006/49/EC). 18 November 2021. Article 48. 2.2 Actuarial Function Report (AFR) - The report from the Actuarial Function to the AMSB in accordance with Article 48 of the Solvency II Directive and associated regulations, standards and guidelines. This article deals with the new supervisory regime for insurance companies: the Solvency II Directive. | Justification Level 2 implementing measures are needed in this field since it could comprise a major part of the changes that companies need to develop in order to get ready for Solvency II. SOLVENCY 2 An Introduction By John Brady 12/07/10 Don’t forget the risk analysis Directive 2009/138/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2009 on the taking-up and pursuit of the business of Insurance and Reinsurance (Solvency II) (Text with EEA relevance) DIRECTIVE 2009/138/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. 1.2.2 ESAP 2 assumes that actuaries will also comply with ESAP1, approved as a model standard by the AAE on […]. We have received internal legal advice to the effect that, with the current wording of the Solvency II Directive, the assessment of the Solvency II will be a more complex regime than the current regime (Solvency I) with greater oversight requirements. The Solvency II Allocation Regulation provides allocations for 26 ECAIs, including Feri. Feri no longer meets the ECAI definition in article 13(40) Solvency II Directive, given the withdrawal of its CRA registration by ESMA. This sub-module is covered in DA Articles 175 - 181 and covers: For bonds and loans, the computation depends on a combination of the duration and the credit quality assigned to the bond, see DA Article 176. Article 51. In the meantime many improvements have been implemented. He said such numbers “are a little speculative”. Supervisory system: supervisors have significantly increased their actuarial capacity since Solvency II has been introduced. External Actuarial Expert: supervisors appoint actuarial experts for inspection of specific technical aspects of the undertaking's reporting. Figure 4: Supervisory System SECTION 1 Subject matter and scope . Actuarial function. For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply: (1) ‘investment firm’ means any legal person whose regular occupation or business is the provision of one or more investment services to third parties and/or the performance of one or more investment activities on a professional basis. 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