A year later his son, the future George IV, became prince regent, giving him effective rule for the War of 1812 and Napoleons final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. [45], Meanwhile, George had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the king's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade William Pitt the Elder to accept the office of prime minister. He was the first Hanoverian monarch to be born in Britain George III was born on 4 June 1738 at Norfolk House, St James's Square in London. Ayling, pp. Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. Brooke, pp. Portland became prime minister, with Fox and Lord North, as foreign secretary and home secretary respectively. On 30 June 1779, George III's Commanding General Henry Clinton broadened Dunmore's proclamation with his Philipsburg Proclamation. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [32] He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds,[33] and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity. [79] In early 1783, George III privately conceded "America is lost!" It was built in the London workshops of Samuel Butler at a cost of 7,562. [129] The princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day were melancholy beyond description. [154], From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms: Quarterly, I Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England) impaling Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); IV tierced per pale and per chevron (for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a semy of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lneburg), III Gules a horse courant Argent (for Saxony), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the crown of Charlemagne Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire). George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath, in which sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism. Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. [58] Armed conflict between British regulars and colonial militiamen broke out at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775. [69] Lord North was allied to the "King's Friends" in Parliament and believed George III had the right to exercise powers. [134] He died of pneumonia, at Windsor Castle at 8:38pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. Both kingdoms were in a personal union under George until the Acts of Union 1800 merged them on 1 January 1801. Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 17991851; married 1815, (1) Married 1793, in contravention of the, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 09:29. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the armed forces. [118] On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Henry Addington. 4.5 out of 5 . In reality the situation was more complex: Parliamentary ministers, not the crown, were responsible for colonial policies, though George still had means of direct and indirect influence. An American genealogist has established that Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III, was directly. Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) was one of the most powerful and influential figures of the Middle Ages. "[150], In Germany, he was "Duke of Brunswick and Lneburg, Arch-Treasurer and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire" (Herzog von Braunschweig und Lneburg, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfrst des Heiligen Rmischen Reiches[151]) until the end of the empire in 1806. A year after his coronation, George was married to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the daughter of a German duke. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal". George never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck. He then became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to portray him as a man of the people, contrasting his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity. 349350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. 6. [1][9], They had 15 childrennine sons and six daughters. Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. ; Watson, p. 93. George suffered a final relapse in 1810, and his eldest son, the Prince of Wales, became Prince Regent the following year. [113] The Second Coalition, which included Austria, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, was defeated in 1800. King George III. Dunmore's Proclamation inspired slaves to escape from captivity and fight for the British. Royal blue is the official colour of the shirts of Birmingham City F.C., whose nickname in consequence is Blues. [98] Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards; the King's doctors, who included Francis Willis, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic poultices to draw out "evil humours". [115] It was suggested that George adopt the title "Emperor of the British Isles", but he refused. Throughout Pitt's ministry, George supported many of Pitt's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt's supporters in the House of Lords. Omissions? His godparents were King Frederick I of Sweden (for whom Lord Baltimore stood proxy), his uncle Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (for whom Lord Carnarvon stood proxy), and his great-aunt Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia (for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin stood proxy). When George III died in 1820, the Regent succeeded him as King George IV. The curious blend of obstinate determination with self-distrust, a feature of his maturity, was already evident. The most likely diagnosis, using more recent techniques, is bipolar disorder. [107], On 7 November 1775, during the American War of Independence, John Murray, Lord Dunmore, issued a proclamation that freed slaves of Rebel masters who would enlist to put down the colonial rebellion. He recovered the next year and reigned for the next 12 as a newly beloved monarch and symbol of stability in the era of Frances revolutionary chaos. _____ _____ 2. Alternate titles: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, George William Frederick, Principal and Vice-Chancellor, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 196686. The King drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered. His first wife Diana, with whom he had two sons, also had blue eyes. Lord Grenville perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]". The French Revolution of 1789, in which the French monarchy had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. 360377. Turquoise What were King George III's accomplishments? But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! 384385; Hibbert, p. 405. Lord North's cabinet ministers, the Earl of Sandwich, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Lord George Germain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, however, proved to lack leadership skills suited for their positions, which in turn, aided the American war effort. Prices for chairs differ depending upon multiple factors, including designer, materials, construction methods, condition and provenance. It proved that the king could appoint prime ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. 329335; Brooke, pp. [9] As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics. Carretta, pp. [47], Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act. King George III lived from 1738-1820. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog record ("About This Item") with your request. Why do you think King George III is wearing the color gold and fur is draped all around him? George was succeeded in turn by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to Victoria, the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward. For Bute the way out was easyhe resigned (April 1763). [150], Before his succession, George was granted the royal arms differenced by a label of five points Azure, the centre point bearing a fleur-de-lis Or on 27 July 1749. Ayling, pp. Grenville pushed through the Slave Trade Act 1807, which passed both houses of Parliament with large majorities. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Tell two ways it is similar. Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a "kaleidoscope of changing views" that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. In 1770 Lord North became prime minister, beginning a 12-year period of parliamentary stability. Further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518. [76], As late as the siege of Charleston in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted defeats on the Continental forces at the Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. George realized too late that his clumsiness had destroyed one political combination and made any other difficult to assemble. Ayling, p. 194; Brooke, pp. He reigned from 1760 until his death. [3], George was born on 4 June 1738 at Norfolk House in St James's Square, London. Did you know? At the end of the parliamentary session, he went to Cheltenham Spa to recuperate. He famously married a series of six wives in his search for political alliance, marital bliss and a healthy male heir. He was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lneburg ("Hanover") in the Holy Roman Empire before becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. [63] In the words of the British historian George Otto Trevelyan, the King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal. (1991) [1969]. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics. It also had a stunning. [115] His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772. King George II disliked the Prince of Wales and took little interest in his grandchildren. Wilkes was eventually arrested for seditious libel but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the House of Commons, and found guilty in absentia of blasphemy and libel. Save 5% with coupon (some sizes/colors) FREE delivery Thu, Feb 16 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon. While short in statureshe was read more, King Charles III, the 62nd British monarch to serve over the past 1,200 years, ascended to the throne on September 8, 2022, following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. [157] In 1816, after the Electorate of Hanover became a kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown. . George III became king of Great Britain and Ireland in 1760 following his grandfather George IIs death. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; in response to the crisis, George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of habeas corpus. 14,642 King George Iii Premium High Res Photos Browse 14,642 king george iii stock photos and images available, or search for george washington or thomas jefferson to find more great stock photos and pictures. He was known for being a tall man (standing well over six feet tall), with reddish hair. Height: add- . 272282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498. He signed legislation to abolish slavery." Date of Birth - Death June 4, 1738 - January 29, 1820. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth. [101], Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of abolitionists and Atlantic slave uprisings caused the British public to spurn slavery. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover whounlike his two predecessorswas born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,[1] and never visited Hanover.[2]. King George III Authentic Strand of Hair. [73], During the summer of 1779, a combined French-Spanish naval fleet threatened to invade England and transport 31,000 French troops across the English Channel. George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 1738[c] 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. Locally governed by colonial legislatures, the colonies had previously enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs and viewed Parliament's acts as a denial of their rights as Englishmen. His religious education was wholly Anglican. George surrendered the Crown Estate to Parliamentary control in return for a civil list annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government. [96], The King may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, and a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. He no longer scorned to make use of executive power for winning elections nor did he withhold his official blessing from those of whose characters he disapproved. [9], The King disliked Fox intensely, for his politics as well as his character: he thought Fox unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales. This approx. King George III's urine and indigo blue Lancet. This ideal George thought he had found personified in John Stuart, 3rd earl of Bute, who became his inspiration, his teacher, and later his chief minister. [140] George's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now owned by King's College London but housed in the Science Museum, London, to which it has been on long-term loan since 1927. [8], Apart from chemistry and physics, his lessons included astronomy, mathematics, French, Latin, history, music, geography, commerce, agriculture and constitutional law, along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing, fencing and riding. [99], In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. "[82], With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became prime minister for the second time, but died within months. View casting suggestions for King George III, and make your own suggestions for roles you think they should play in upcoming films! [9] Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. He never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing. [26] Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties,[e] the first years of his reign were marked by political instability, largely as a result of disagreements over the Seven Years' War. Thus the early years of George III produced, inadvertently, the germ of modern party politics. While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for the Prince of Wales to act as regent, Fox suggested, to Pitt's consternation, that it was the Prince's absolute right to act on his ill father's behalf with full powers. [37] John Wilkes, a member of parliament, published The North Briton, which was both inflammatory and defamatory in its condemnation of Bute and the government. He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the East India Company to Parliamentary commissioners. [17] Sophie married Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth, instead. George would frequently repeat himself and write sentences with over 400 words at a time, and his vocabulary became "more complex, creative and colourful", possible symptoms of bipolar disorder. George III, in full George William Frederick, German Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, (born June 4 [May 24, Old Style], 1738, Londondied January 29, 1820, Windsor Castle, near London), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1760-1820) and elector (1760-1814) and then king (1814-20) of Hanover, during a period when Britain won an empire in the Seven Years' War but lost its American colonies and . He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. Brooke, p. 391: "There can be no doubt that the King wrote 'Britain'.". 399.00. [57], The American War of Independence was the culmination of the civil and political American Revolution resulting from the American Enlightenment. The Americans complained of taxation without representation (and staged the Boston Tea Party), but North held firm with Georges backing. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, were educated together by private tutors. "[130] George accepted the need for the Regency Act 1811,[131] and the Prince of Wales (later George IV) acted as regent for the remainder of the King's life. George III was personally blamed for this instability. [21] His other residences were Kew Palace and Windsor Castle. 453455; Brooke, pp. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. George was a child of strong feelings but of slow mental development. Analysis supported the theory that George's sufferings derived not from mental illness but from a rare hereditary metabolic condition, made worse by his medicines. 395396; Watson, pp. It was the furthest he had ever been from Londonjust short of 100 miles (160km)but his condition worsened. [71] Charles III of Spain had misgivings because of his own colonies but decided to side with France in the war in limited fashion in 1779. He was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared the runner-up as the victor. Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard A. The Treaties of Paris, by which Britain recognized the independence of the American states and returned Florida to Spain, were signed in 1782 and 1783. Tell two ways it is similar. She sought to return England to the Catholic read more, One of the most renowned kings in English history, Henry V (1387-1422) led two successful invasions of France, cheering his outnumbered troops to victory at the 1415 Battle of Agincourt and eventually securing full control of the French throne. The musical Hamilton, which is streaming as a movie on Disney+, features a diverse cast portraying real life figures, but keeps King George III white to better fit with the show's story and themes.Created by Lin-Manuel Miranda, who is of Puerto Rican descent and also stars as its titular character, Alexander Hamilton, one of the core aspects of the musical is that its cast includes people of . Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. Superb provenance; the hair originates from the famed collection of Margaretta Pierrepont, wife of President Ulysses S Grant's Attorney General. For all colonial slaves who fled their Rebel masters, Clinton forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the British military. [39], Later that year, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies and created an Indian reserve. The First Coalition to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France. Instead, he worked toward abolition in an individual capacity. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Rockingham's government was weak, and he was replaced as prime minister in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created Earl of Chatham. He drafted an abdication speech but in the end decided to defer to Parliaments peace negotiations. https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-III, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of George III, Encyclopedia Virginia - George III (17381820), PBS - American Experience - Biography of King George III, Spartacus Educational - Biography of George III, George III - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), George III - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The princess arrived in the afternoon of 8 September 1761 and the marriage ceremony was conducted that same evening in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace. "[123] George wrote to his friend Bishop Hurd, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them. Describe both Washington and King George III's hair? His illnesses may have been caused by porphyria, an inherited metabolic disorder, though a 2005 analysis of hair samples suggested. 322328; Fraser, pp. In 1760 George III commissioned the Gold State Coach is an enclosed, eight horse-drawn carriage still used by the British Royal Family today. In 1773 he passed an act taxing tea in the colonies. George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery, and calling them an execration and ridiculous and 'absurd',"[102] but the King and his son, the Duke of Clarence, supported the efforts of the London Society of West India Planters and Merchants to delay the abolition of the British slave trade for almost 20 years. 106111. Gifted by the king to Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst in 1814. His method of screwing up his courage was to set himself an ideal of conduct. Though the marriage was entered into in the spirit of public duty, it lasted for more than 50 years, due to the kings need for security and his wifes strength of character. The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was elevated from an electorate to a kingdom. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition". He had the King's Observatory built in Richmond-upon-Thames for his own observations of the 1769 transit of Venus. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. [111] James Hadfield's failed attempt to shoot the King in the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and Bannister Truelock. [34] Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are Johannes Vermeer's Lady at the Virginals and a set of Canalettos, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered. [36], In May 1762, the incumbent Whig government of Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was replaced with one led by the Scottish Tory Lord Bute. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818. [59], The colonies declared their independence in July 1776, listing twenty-seven grievances against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. [105] The King was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. George III's accession in 1760 marked a significant change in royal finances. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in Hyde Park, London, on 26 and 28 October 1803 and at the height of the invasion scare, attracted an estimated 500,000 spectators on each day. Hair Length: add-Submit. [18], The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather, George II, died suddenly on 25 October 1760, two weeks before his 77th birthday. Butes only other useful contribution to his royal pupil was to encourage his interest in botany and to implant in the court more respect for the graces of life, including patronage of the arts, than had been usual for the past half century. The attempt to make the American colonists meet their own administrative costs only aroused them to resistance. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose to defend England against the French. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George refused. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little real significance. However, in 1751, the Prince died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became heir apparent to the throne and inherited his father's title of Duke of Edinburgh. From the date he ascended to the throne until 1 January 1801, he was King of Great Britain and King of Ireland. [84] Although the King actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox. [114] In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an Act of Union that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". [1], On his accession, the Crown lands produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. Britain restored to France lucrative slave-sugar islands in the West Indies, including Guadeloupe and Martinique. He then continued as duke until the Congress of Vienna declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. The son of a prosperous planter, Washington was raised in colonial Virginia. Although it has since been suggested that he had bipolar disorder or the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. During that time, England had epic highs, like defeating Napoleon and spreading its empire. At age 73, British historys longest-serving heir-apparent was officially proclaimed king two days read more, Henry VIII ruled England for 36 years, presiding over sweeping changes that brought his nation into the Protestant Reformation. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, in England bred. gray What is King George III favorite color? In 1770, his brother Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, was exposed as an adulterer. He was still as obstinate as ever and still felt an intense duty to guide the country, but now he reckoned with political reality. War & Affiliation Revolutionary War / British. Pitt was allowed to resign (October 1761) over the question of war against Spain. Price and other details may vary based on product size and color. [108], Between 1791 and 1800, almost 400,000 Africans were shipped to the Americas, by 1,340 slaving voyages, mounted from British ports, including Liverpool and Bristol. In his accession speech to Parliament, the 22-year-old monarch played down his Hanoverian connections. [90] When his children strayed from George's principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed. But under Butes influence he imagined that his duty was to purify public life and to substitute duty to himself for personal intrigue. By her death in 1603, read more. In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the Treaty of Amiens. Ayling, pp. Children's King George III Kids Colonial Costume (Large 11-12) Red. George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings; only queens Victoria and Elizabeth II lived and reigned longer. Ayling, pp. MORE RESULTS. George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which English and British sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III. In the play, of course, he is played with actor Daveed Diggs, who performs the role with true panache. [9], In Great Britain, George III used the official style "George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, and so forth". 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