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You will learn more about estimating costs and benefits in Chapter 7, Project Cost Management. The second case in this chapter provides an example of using Scrum. Global Issues Many people around the world suffered losses as various financial markets dropped in the fall of 2008, even after the $700 billion economic stabilization act was passed by the U.S. Congress. The project manager often bases these work assignments on where the work fits in the organization and uses an organizational breakdown structure to conceptualize the process. The discount rate is the interest rate used to discount cash flows. Table 5-3. Case Wrap-Up After Sarah yelled back at Ben, he said, Youre the first person whos had the guts to stand up to me. After that brief introduction, Sarah, Ben, and the other meeting participants had a good discussion about what was happening on the F-44 upgrade project. 3. You can mirror someones tone and tempo of voice, breathing, movements, or body postures. What is a project portfolio? These files will be in Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Project, or in HTML or PDF format, as appropriate. Some project teams develop a single number for a risk score simply by multiplying a numeric score for probability by a numeric score for impact. Because so many people work on projects in different industries throughout the world, PMI has parternered with projectmanagement.com to create a global online community. (See the Companion website for this text to read the detailed case study on ResNet, including cost estimates.) Many IT projects require detailed functional and design specifications for developing software, which also should be referenced in the detailed scope statement. Precedence diagramming methods (PDM) network diagram for project X The precedence diagramming method is used more often than AOA network diagrams and offers a number of advantages over the AOA technique. Sample stakeholder register Name Position Internal/External Project Role Contact Information Stephen VP of Operations Internal Project sponsor [emailprotected] Betsy CFO Internal Senior manager, approves funds [emailprotected] Chien CIO Internal Senior manager, PMs boss [emailprotected] Ryan IT analyst Internal Team member [emailprotected] Lori Director, Accounting Internal Senior manager [emailprotected] Sanjay Director, Refineries Internal Senior manager of largest refinery [emailprotected] Debra Consultant External Project manager [emailprotected] Suppliers Suppliers External Supply software [emailprotected] A stakeholder analysis is a technique for analyzing information to determine which stakeholders interests to focus on and how to increase stakeholder support throughout the project. Marie worked with the purchasing department to terminate the original contract and issue a new one with a new consulting firm that had a much better reputation and lower hourly rates. As you can see, many assumptions were made in producing the function point estimate. Figure 1-5 displays a Gantt chart created with Project 2016, the most widely used project management software today. A large variation in costs for a certain WBS task often indicates confusion as to what work must be done. Application Software Learning becomes much more dynamic with hands-on practice using the top project management software tool in the industry, Microsoft Project 2016, as well as other tools, such as spreadsheet software and the Internet. To establish and implement effective quality programs, top management must lead the way. Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows instructors to: Author, edit, and manage test bank content. However, if a supplier is providing a customized product or service that is critical to the projects success, the supplier deserves much more attention. Ben blamed it all on the IT department for not letting his staff access the upgrade projects information system directly so they could work with their customers and suppliers more effectively. Members of the project team, frequently called configuration management specialists, are often assigned to perform configuration management for large projects. You can also create custom reports, views, tables, and filters. A large-scale project has a lot of moving parts, which makes it that much easier to break down. Software testing in particular has sparked several organizations to work together to meet the need for jobs in low income, high unemployment urban areas, improve quality and efficiency, and reduce overseas costs. Workers inside the company told HuffPost that some employees still do occasionally work from home, depending on their job, and some do not have a desk in the office. feature. Quality management plan 6. a. random b. nonrandom c. Six Sigma d. quality 8. 3.0 Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement JWD Consulting has a corporate website as well as an intranet. Plans created in the other knowledge areas are considered subsidiary parts of the overall project management plan. When done improperly or with the wrong person, it could result in very negative consequences. One company created a 48-hour policy, in which task leaders on a large IT project would reach agreements on key decisions or changes within their expertise and authority. a. program b. process c. project d. portfolio 4. For example, if an organization knows it has a 20 percent rate of turnover for IT personnel, it should include contingency reserves to pay for recruiting and training costs of IT personnel. Someone must communicate key project information to top management. Notice that this step is similar to collecting data for performing PERT estimates. Rework can be very expensive, so the project manager must strive to do a good job of quality planning and quality assurance to avoid this need. In early 2018 it will unveil its 1717 Innovation Center in Richmond, a 42,000-square-foot facility housing an experience design research lab and, through a partnership with an incubator program, some 50 startups.* Methods for Selecting Projects Organizations identify many potential projects as part of their strategic planning processes, and they need to narrow down the list of potential projects to the ones that will be of most benefit. Conflict and power are key issues. Making ethical decisions is an important part of project managers personal and professional lives because it generates trust and respect with other people. Many problems and directives must be resolved quickly, but managers must also apply systems thinking and seek opportunities for improving the organization through IT projects. He told Jim that he was a great organizer, but he had to learn to respect technical people more. * The projects size, complexity, importance, and other factors affect how much effort is spent on collecting requirements. 2. In the chapters opening case, Tom Walters planned the tablet project without using a systems approach. The project satisfied the customer/sponsor. Document your findings in a short paper, citing at least three references. After the meeting, Erica worked with Jessie to enter all of the information into Microsoft Project. Using Probability/Impact Matrixes to Calculate Risk Factors People often describe a risk probability or consequence as being high, medium or moderate, or low. Even if project managers, project teams, and customers are flexible, it is important that projects have a formal change control system. It is also difficult for many people to admit that they do not understand something. He included separate items for the most important templates and tools, instead of grouping them in one item, and requested a point person from their firms pool of consultants to contact for questions about each template or tool as well. Find out which people inside or outside of your organization can help you in developing a systems approach. For example, suppose that Cliffs company funded a project to provide new computer classrooms for a nearby school in need. Prepare and print a one-page cost model for the project, similar to the model provided in Figure 7-2. Fixed-price contracts may also include incentives for meeting or exceeding selected project objectives. The study also found that more than 31 percent of IT projects were canceled before completion, costing U.S. companies and government agencies more than $81 billion. Print the resulting Gantt chart. They must use systems analysis to address needs with a problem-solving approach. Are you using a software tool for creating kanban boards that is tailored to meet your needs? If the actual cost for a WBS item is $1,500 and its earned value is $2,000, what is its cost variance, and is it under or over budget? Rather, in constructing schedules their project managers started with a clean sheet, a clear waste of time. Running Case You and your team identified some risks during the first week of the Global Treps Project. There are many template files available for Microsoft Project and other project management software. A control chart c. A run chart d. A control panel diagram 6. However, because many people in this situation try to please all three parties who need their tasks completed, they often work on the first task for some time, then the second, then the third, then go back to the first task, and so on, as shown in Figure 6-10b. For example, they could create a physical board or use a wall in their office environment, write the names of tasks on sticky notes, and physically move the sticky notes along the board or wall. Add a column called Risk Score to your risk register to the right of the impact column. Why not enable your workers to be on the lookout for additional new and innovative suppliers? This situation occurs frequently on projects. What is the purpose of project quality management? 2. Many problems in other knowledge areas, such as an unclear scope or unrealistic schedules, indicate problems with communication. They also do not have enough accurate, reliable project data on which to base estimates. This trap is similar to gamblers who continue betting because they have already lost money. Training will include instructor-led classes in five different locations. For example, access to relevant, timely, and consistent data continues to be a major obstacle in many organizations. How will the information be given to them? Issues should be documented in an issue log , a tool used to document, monitor, and track issues that need resolution. Table 5-4. One type of software that is particularly useful for streamlining procurement is the procureto-pay suite, which provides support for indirect procurements. Dear Mom and Dad, or should I say Grandma & Grandpa, Yes, I am pregnant. Withdrawal: When using the withdrawal mode , project managers retreat or withdraw from an actual or potential disagreement. The firm might also create a new project to investigate ways to increase profits for single-family home projects. In the opening case of this chapter, Sue Johnson and her project team had a contract and detailed specifications for the colleges new online registration system. . Dyson is the U.K.s biggest investor in robotics and artificial intelligence research. This text provides a much-needed framework for teaching courses in project management, especially those that emphasize managing information technology projects. In fact, searching LinkedIn groups for the term project management in February 2018 yielded almost 6,000 results, including the following: Project Manager Community: This group claims to be the best group for project management with over 424,000 members. Discussion Questions 1. Developers can throw away or keep prototypes, depending on the project. Dependencies A dependency or relationship pertains to the sequencing of project activities or tasks. 6. You will learn more about organizational structures in the next section. What does it mean to say that a task is actually 75 percent complete after three months? The Importance of Project Communications Management Many experts agree that the greatest threat to the success of any project, especially IT projects, is a failure to communicate. mapoquest. In addition, calculate what your time would be worth per hour based on the number of students. Most people who work from home have well-equipped, comfortable offices with fewer distractions and more space than corporate offices. Potential responses to each risk: A potential response to the defective server might be to include a clause in the suppliers contract to replace the server within a certain time period at a negotiated cost. So if you set your desired certainty to 95 percent, then the acceptable error value is . But the city doesnt exercise it, he said.* Outsourcing can also cause problems in other areas for companies and nations as a whole. How can you use kanban cards, a lean tool, to maximize customer value while minimizing waste? McClelland proposed the acquired-needs theory, suggesting that a persons needs are acquired or learned over time and shaped by their life experiences. Another consideration for identifying risks is the likelihood of advanced discovery, which is often viewed at a program level rather than a project level. Calculating early and late start and finish dates Using project management software is a much faster and easier way to determine early and late start and finish dates and free and total slack amounts for activities. Feel free to use projects in the media (such as the Olympics, television shows, or movies) or a project from your work, if applicable. A defect repair might be having someone redo an incorrect entry. Advice for Young Professionals Unfortunately, many people stereotype IT professionals as having poor soft skills and not caring much about other peoples feelings. It wasnt so long ago that Samsung found itself in a courtroom defending its creativity against Apple. The Manifesto for Agile Software Development In the business world, the term agile was first applied to software development projects. What will it cost to complete the task? Figure 11-4 shows a sample risk breakdown structure that might apply to many IT projects. Retailer Zulily, a $1.5 billion company that celebrated its eight birthday in 2018, is one of a growing number of organizations developing software in-house to meet their need for speed and innovation. For example, if the target response time for accessing the EIS described in the opening case is half a second, there should be little deviation from this time. That means the impact could spread far beyond the agencys payday lending rule. The schedule goal is six months, and the budget is $120,000. Laptop memory Defining Scope The next step in project scope management is to provide a detailed definition of the work required for the project. The academy enrolls over 100 major project leaders each year. Document the assumptions you made in preparing the estimate and provide explanations for key numbers. The Intelligent Investor - BENJAMIN GRAHAM Monitoring Communications The main goal of monitoring communications is to ensure the optimal flow of information throughout the entire project life cycle. Chapter 2, The Project Management and Information Technology Context, provides detailed information on these topics. Kanban was developed in Japan by Toyota Motor Corporation. a. project charter b. contract c. business case d. project management plan 7. Be a strategic business partner. Media Snapshot Contract incentives can be extremely effective. Find one or two other references on ways to measure software development costs. Is quality a real problem with IT projects? Many organizations estimate the number of people or hours they need by department or skill over the life cycle of a project. * Leadership As defined in Chapter 1, a leader focuses on long-term goals and big-picture objectives while inspiring people to reach those goals. A clash of radically different cultures has implications for the future of the economy and technology in America If you answered yes to most of these questions, you should consider being a project manager. Other team members will include Bobby, Ashok, Kim, and Alfreda. Planning schedule management involves determining the policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for planning, executing, and controlling the project schedule. Television shows, movies, newspapers, websites, and other media highlight project results that are good and bad. Audit reports IX. What types of change control would be appropriate for large ones? Summarize the findings and your opinions of the study and the use of EVM. 27 b. An organization with a balanced approach in this area is often best for project work. Planning for physical and human resources is much less predictable in projects with high variability. For example, users of an information system may be having trouble logging on to the system or getting information in a timely manner because the system has reached its capacity. People within the same IT job function often do not understand each other because they use different technology. After Joe and Erica made the preliminary contacts, Erica documented the stakeholders roles, names, organizations, and contact information in a stakeholder register , a document that includes details related to the identified project stakeholders. Utility rises at a decreasing rate for a risk-averse person or organization. The time frame for this type of estimate is often three or more years prior to project completion. Therefore, it is important to provide several methods of communication, such as written words, visuals, videos, and meetings, and an environment that promotes open dialogue. An issue log b. They are future-oriented and use their intuition to look for fresh perspectives on the world around them. Top management hates surprises, so the project manager must be clear and honest in communicating project status. By the late 1990s, Taguchi had become, in the words of Fortune magazine, Americas new quality hero.* Many companies, including Xerox, Ford, HewlettPackard, and Goodyear, have recently used Taguchis Robust Design methods to design highquality products. It is very important to have managers from outside the IT department assist in developing the IT strategic plan, as they can help IT personnel understand organizational strategies and identify the business areas that support them. If not, can the organization afford to continue the project? Il met aux prises l'quipe de Russie junior contre les joueurs toiles des trois ligues de la Ligue canadienne de hockey. Examples of VOC data include complaints, surveys, comments, and market research that represent the views and needs of the organizations customers. Train supervisors to actively carry out their part of the quality improvement program. A maps the work of a project, as described in the WBS, to the people responsible for performing the work. Companies can also provide incentives that use performance, not hours worked, as the basis of rewards. Cengage Learning is an independent entity from the Microsoft Corporation, and not affiliated with Microsoft in any manner. Status review meetings are an important part of communicating, monitoring, and controlling projects. Seventy percent of organizations said that they always or often use basic practices like change management and risk management on their projects. As described earlier, projects are part of the larger organizational environment, and many factors that might affect a project are out of the project managers control. Many organizations have a required rate of return for projects. (These columns are hidden in Figure 6-7.) a. If the two numbers are close, then other methods should be used to help decide which project to select. With how many other systems does the new project or system need to interact? Sample checksheet 4. Is this project the best way to use the organizations financial resources? Notice that it includes only basic stakeholder information, such as name, position, whether stakeholders are internal or external to the organization, their role on the project, and contact information. If the project involves a significant amount of risk or outside resources, the project manager also needs to be well versed in project risk management and project procurement management. Write a short paper based on the chapters opening case. A U.S. government report listed the top three reasons why federal technology projects succeed: 1. Which of the following statements is false? Examine your attitude. d. Pricing: Proposers must include a single lump-sum fee based on the information provided in the RFP, including the Material Contract Terms and Conditions and assuming an eight-month term. For example, after Stephen clarified which requirements were mandatory for the project management system needed to upgrade the oil refineries, it would probably affect which suppliers would meet the criteria for potential selection. Which of the following is not a best practice for new product development projects? 8. The main output of qualitative risk analysis is updating the risk register. Salary A definitive estimate should be the most accurate of the three types of estimates. What makes IT projects different from other types of projects? Anne, now 34, a research analyst for The New Teacher Project, teases me for being the only quilter she knows who treats each quilt as a project. . Key elements of this framework include the project stakeholders, project management knowledge areas, project management tools and techniques, and the contribution of successful projects to the enterprise. 7. The top four factors were executive sponsorship, emotional maturity, user involvement, and optimization, all with equal scores of 15. A project involves uncertainty. Templates by process group Template Name Process Group Chapter(s) Where Used Application Software File Name Business Case Pre-initiating 3 Word business case.doc Business Case Financials Pre-initiating 3, 4 Excel business case financials.xls Stakeholder Register Initiating 3, 13 Word stakeholder register.doc Stakeholder Management Strategy Initiating 3, 13 Word stakeholder management strategy.doc Kick-off Meeting Agenda Initiating 3 Word kick-off meeting agenda.doc Payback Period Chart Initiating 4 Excel payback period chart.xls Weighted Scoring Model Initiating 4, 12 Excel weighted scoring model.xls Project Charter Initiating 3, 4, 5 Word charter.doc Assumption Log Initiating 3, 4 Excel assumption log.xlsx Team Charter Planning 3, 9 Word team charter.doc Requirements Traceability Matrix Planning 3, 4, 5 Word requirements traceability matrix.doc Scope Statement Planning 3, 4, 5 Word scope statement.doc Contract Statement of Work Planning 12 Word contract statement of work.doc Request for Proposal Planning 12 Word request for proposal.doc Project Management Plan Planning 4 Word project management plan.doc Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Planning 3, 5, 6 Word wbs.doc WBS Dictionary Entry Planning 5 Cost Estimate Planning 7 Excel cost estimate.xls Earned Value Chart Monitoring and Controlling 7 Excel earned value chart.xls Burndown Chart Monitoring and Controlling 3, 7 Excel burndownchart.xls Quality Metrics Executing 8 Word quality metrics.doc Pareto Chart Monitoring and Controlling 8 Excel pareto chart.xls Project Organizational Chart Planning, Executing 9 Power-Point project organizational chart.ppt Responsibility Assignment Matrix Planning, Executing 9 Excel RACI chart.xls Resource Histogram Planning, Executing 9 Excel resource histogram.xls Communications Management Plan Planning 10 Word communications managemnt plan.doc Lessons-learned Register Executing 4 Excel lessons-learned register.xlsx Milestone Report Executing 3, 6 Word milestone report.doc Change Request Form Planning, Monitoring 4 and Controlling Word change request.doc Performance Report Monitoring and Controlling Word performance report.doc Probability/Impact Matrix Planning, Executing, 11 Monitoring and Controlling Power-Point probability impact matrix.ppt Risk Register Planning, Monitoring 11 Excel risk register.xls 3, 4 WBS dictionary description.doc and Controlling Breakeven/Sensitivity Planning Analysis 11 Excel breakeven.xls Contract Planning 12 Word contract.doc Request for Proposal Planning 12 Word request for proposal.doc Issue Log Monitoring and Controlling 13 Word issue log.doc Customer Acceptance Form Closing 10 Word customer acceptance form.doc Lessons-Learned Report Closing 3, 10 Word lessons-learned report.doc Final Project Report Table of Contents Closing 3, 10 Word final project report table of contents.doc Advice for Young Professionals Most organizations have templates for many different kinds of documents. Peter authorized funds for a new project led by Christine to evaluate and then purchase smartphones, apps, and enterprise project management (EPM) software with wiki capability that could be accessed via the Web. Hardware 2.1 Handheld devices: 100 devices estimated by contractor at $600 per unit. Six Sigma conversion table Sigma Yield Defects per Million Opportunities (DPMO) 1 31.0% 690,000 2 69.2% 308,000 3 93.3% 66,800 4 99.4% 6,210 5 99.97% 230 6 99.99966% 3.4 As you can see, the Six Sigma conversion table shows that a process operating at six sigma means there are no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities. They must also be aware of new technologies that can enhance communications and collaboration, as described in the following What Went Wrong? Include websites for software vendors and your opinion of some of the products. Visitors to other countries may complain about things they once took for granted, such as easily making cell phone calls, using a train or subway instead of relying on a car for transportation, or getting up-to-date maps. Have a contingency plan. Cloud engineering 8. Copyright and all rights reserved. Functionality is the degree to which a system performs its intended function. You are preparing a cost estimate for a building based on its location, purpose, number of square feet, and other characteristics. They have also found that e-learning is sometimes more cost-effective than traditional instructor-led training courses. An organization should always complete high-priority projects first, even if a low- or mediumpriority project could be finished in less time. Consider collaboration over standardization to help balance the goals and project approach. Schedules tend to focus primarily on time rather than both time and resources, which includes people. On several IT projects, project managers have found that their team members can be more productive when they are allowed to work from home. PMI, PMI Talent Triangle, PMP, CAPM, PgMP, PMI-RMP, PMI-ACP, PMI-SP, OPM3, and PMBOK are registered marks of the Project Management Institute, Inc. For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [emailprotected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2018944898 ISBN-13: 978-1-337-10135-6 Cengage 20 Channel Center Street Boston MA 02210 USA Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with employees residing in nearly 40 different countries and sales in more than 125 countries around the world. Global Issues The Project Management Institute conducted a major study in 2011 to help understand and gauge the current level of EVM practice. Consult other sources for more details. If you dont step it up and say, We cannot get this done and this is the way it is, then what are you there for? The IRS maintains over 20 million lines of assembly code. Notice how the risk breakdown structure provides a simple, one-page chart to help ensure that a project team considers important risk categories related to all IT projects. Do you think a professional code of ethics makes it easier to work in an ethical manner? File them as soon as possible. a. Our two sons are working as software developers and may become IT project managers soon. * A PMI survey found that only 49 percent of respondents had the resources in place to do requirements management properly and 53 percent failed to use a formal process to validate requirements. For example, Anthony C. Mersino, PMP, author of Emotional Intelligence for Project Managers: The People Skills You Need to Achieve Outstanding Results, says that EI comes into play as project managers work on team building, collaboration, negotiation, and relationship development. There are several conflict-handling modes, and they can be viewed based on two dimensions: task importance and relationship importance. Then in breaking down the executing section, the project team focused on the product deliverables it had to produce. Another categorization for IT projects is based on timing: How long will it take to complete a project and what is the deadline for completing it? * Figure 1-6. One dimension of this team-building tool deals with attitudes toward structure and deadlines. Copyright and all rights reserved. This project was necessary because of several highpriority, Internet-based applications the company was developing. For example, a project manager at Farmland Industries, Inc. in Kansas City, Missouri, kept her 15-month, $7 million integrated supply-chain project on track by setting the project deadline. Trust and relationships: Many virtual teams fail because of a lack of trust. Even though organizations routinely use many types of hardware and software to enhance communications, they need to take advantage of new technologies and adjust existing systems to serve the special communications needs of customers and project teams. You helped to run a local shark tank like event at your college last year as part of a class project, so you have a general idea of what is involved. Important inputs for managing quality are the quality management plan, project documents, and organizational process assets. 4. As practitioners know, there is no one size fits all solution to managing projects. As another example, suppose that the sponsor approved the upgrade project to provide a good return on investment by speeding up work and therefore generating more profits. Prepare handouts and visual aids, and make logistical arrangements ahead of time. Risk categories What are the main categories of risks that should be addressed on this project? Find two recent articles related to managing project knowledge. Management desires accuracy. Project Success Criteria: Our goal is to complete this project within six months for no more than $140,000. Several software tools provide graphics to summarize performance on a portfolio of projects, as shown in Chapter 4. Annual Project Benefits Measurement Approach Attachments: A Project Management Documentation Business case Project charter Team charter Scope statement WBS and WBS dictionary Baseline and actual Gantt chart List of prioritized risks Milestone reports Progress reports Contract files Lessons-learned reports Final presentation Client acceptance form B Product-Related Documentation Survey and results Summary of user inputs Intranet site content Intranet site design documents Test plans and reports Intranet site promotion information Intranet site roll-out information Project benefits measurement information Erica also organized a project closure luncheon for the project team right after the final project presentation. This diagram was created using MindView Business Edition software by MatchWare. Expert judgment, both internal and external, is an asset in making many procurement decisions. The project team reviews information and uses expert judgment and meetings to help create a scope management plan and requirements management plan. After reviewing the project management plan, project charter, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets, the project team uses expert judgment, data analysis, and meetings to develop two important outputs: the scope management plan and the requirements management plan. They might select one of their top project managers to organize news coverage of the project, write a press release, or hold some other public event to ensure that the project produces good public relations for the company, which could lead to more business. a. Improvement in IT project success rates reported by the Standish Group has been due in part to an increased ability to know when to cancel failing projects. a. Write a few paragraphs explaining what the network diagram and schedule table show about Project Xs schedule. Re-Examining Investor Protection in the EU and US. Many practitioners, however, define project success as satisfying the customer or sponsor, knowing that its rare to meet scope, time, and cost goals without modifying at least one goal. For example, Erica was scheduled to work 20 hours per week on this project, and the other project team members combined should not spend more than 60 hours per week on average for the project. He just wanted to have accurate and consistent information to help coordinate all of the projects and make everyones jobs easier. Many people use free tools such as Skype, Google Docs, or social media to communicate. a. Estimates can also be provided as points, assuming that developers are employees who code less than eight hours per day. Thats a lot of potential value falling through the cracks in the project-driven world.* The report provides the following survey results: Forty-seven percent of organizations report that inaccurate requirements management is the primary cause of projects not meeting their original goals and business objectives. Even if organizations use the PMBOK Guide as the basis for their project management methodology, they still have to do a fair amount of work to adapt it to their unique work environment. Three common exercises used in mental team building include the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Wilson Learning Social Styles Profile, and the DISC Profile. 3.2 Software development: This estimate will include two approaches: a labor estimate and a function point estimate. Some schools require all students to take computer literacy courses, although most teenagers today already know how to use computers, iPods, iPads, cell phones, and other technologies. Erica had met and talked to each member separately, but this was the first time the project team would spend much time together. All team members submitted their actual hours worked on tasks each Friday afternoon by 4 p.m. via the firms enterprise-wide project management software. Perhaps users had their daily work disrupted during the upgrades or had to work extra hours due to the upgrades. To increase profits, a company can increase revenues, decrease expenses, or try to do both. Potential proposers are advised that the contract resulting from the RFP will be a professional services contract. Normal distribution and standard deviation Standard deviation is a key factor in determining the acceptable number of defective units in a population. You can often go back to your former, more technical role, and move along that career path. Dummy activities have no duration and no resources, but are occasionally needed on AOA network diagrams to show logical relationships between activities. She also suggested that they all meet again in one week to develop the scope statement further and to start creating the WBS for the project. The nature of the project and availability of time and money affect which risk analysis techniques are used. If you introduce a new technique, such as kanban boards, be sure to tailor it to meet your needs. By using Scrum methods, the business could benefit from these new features a few months earlier than they could using the predictive approach described in the first case. Agile approaches were also measured across all project sizes from 2011 to 2015, showing that 39 percent of all agile projects were successful compared to 11 percent of waterfall projects. Activity list 3. Contents of a risk report include sources of overall project risk, important drivers of overall project risk exposure, and summary information on risk events, such as number of risks, total risk exposure, distribution across risk categories, metrics, and trends. Using the Gantt chart you created for Task 4 in Chapter 5 and the new activities and milestones you proposed in Tasks 1 and 2 above, create a new Gantt chart using Project 2016 or another tool. Even if the project cost more than estimated, it took longer to complete, and the project team was hard to work with, the project would be successful if users were happy with the upgraded computers, based on this criterion. Multitasking also often involves wasted setup time, which increases total duration. Hold other meetings as needed. Under Friangs leadership for over seven years, the technology team has grown 20-fold. Go far afield. Tom DeMarco is famous for several studies he conducted on the cost of nonconformance in the IT industry. Changes must be documented in writing. You can use the Goal Seek function in Excel to set the cell that contains the formula for NPV to the value 0 by changing the cell that contains the discount rate. Table 7-3 shows an example of earned value calculations. This number is calculated by taking the original time estimate, or 12 months in this case, and dividing by the SPI, which in this example was 94.203 percent. On the other hand, the server manufacturer specified in the project plan could go out of business, which would result in a negative change. For example, a senior executive could quickly look at the Surveyor Pro project cost estimate and decide if the numbers are reasonable and the assumptions are well documented. Project Manager Job Description A project manager can have many different job descriptions, which can vary tremendously based on the organization and the project. Integration testing occurs between unit and system testing to test functionally grouped components. The team members determine how plans and components should integrate. Outputs include selected sellers, agreements, change requests, and updates to the project management plan, project documents, and organizational process assets. Fortunately, thousands of employees from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) East worked around the clock to restore communications. For example, once a supplier is selected for a project, specific supplier names and other information can be added to the list. Other meetings require many attendees. Project Management Plan Contents The project management plan briefly describes the overall scope, schedule, and cost baselines for the project. In addition, they tend to multitask the most when on conference calls. Copyright and all rights reserved. 3. Review the following scenarios, and then write a paragraph for each one describing what media you think would be most appropriate to use and why. Once this is completed, the systems analyst then examines alternative solutions for improving the current situation; identifies an optimum, or at least satisfactory, solution or action plan; and examines that plan against the entire system. Assume that your company would only use this equipment for 30 days. In this text, youll read about IT projects in organizations around the world that went well, including the National University Hospital in Singapore, which used critical chain scheduling to decrease patient admission times by more than 50 percent; retailer Zulily, one of a growing number of organizations developing software in-house to meet their need for speed and innovation; Dells green computing project that saves energy and millions of dollars; Googles driverless car project, striving to reduce traffic accidents and save lives; and many more. The project manager does not have time to do the technical work. For example, if you were trying to assess commitment of project stakeholders, a meeting would be the most appropriate medium to use. Planning Risk Responses After an organization identifies and quantifies risks, it must develop an appropriate response to them. Notice that each dimension is also associated with a color and emphasis, such as I, We, You, or It: Dominance: Represented by red and emphasizing I, dominance traits include being direct, decisive, assertive, outcome-oriented, competitive, self-assured, controlling, and wanting to win. Those in the Black Belt category normally work on Six Sigma projects full time and attend four to five full weeks of training. (See www.prince2.com for more information.) The Importance of Project Procurement Management Procurement means acquiring goods and services from an outside source. The S-shaped curve shows the cumulative probability of completing the project on or before a given date. 4. Explain how earned value management (EVM) can be used to control costs and measure project performance, and explain why you think it is not used more often. Planning Communications Management Because communication is so important on projects, every project should include a communications management plan a document that guides project communications. To aid in project selection, project managers must understand the organizations financial expectations for projects. Figure 6-7. Several products are available to assist individual consumers and organizations with communications. Can we connect modern and ancient project management? Kozak-Hollands answer to these questions is yes. You can see the PMBOK process groups and techniques from the knowledge areas in all of these historical projects. The last deliverable her team needed to create within the planning process group was a list of prioritized risks. The top three benefits of agile listed were the ability to manage changing priorities, increased team productivity, and improved project visibility. Keep momentum going for projects, which will typically have a long duration. Chapter 1. People who work in other countries for the first time are often amazed at different quality expectations. Oakley tinfoil carbon - Top 7 Modelle unter der Lupe External dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities. (Note that you can easily change this table to create multiple exercises.) Recall that projects using an agile approach have daily meetings to make sure everyone is on the same page. Anyone who has had to document a poorly programmed system appreciates the importance of good execution. Be specific about what should happen as a result of the meeting. Key concepts in the Taguchi methods are that quality should be designed into the product and not inspected into it, and that quality is best achieved by minimizing deviation from the target value. For example, a mechanic is responsible for repairing a car, but the shop owner is accountable for the repairs being made properly. 4. Simulations are a more sophisticated method for creating estimates to help you determine the likelihood of meeting specific project schedule or cost goals. 7. Ability to charge customers for some intranet products and services 4. For example, Hilton Worldwide won a prestigious Customer Relationship Management (CRM) award by enabling its employees to create their own solution for improving customer service and loyalty. Each task card contains the control number, task name, estimated time to complete, rank or priority number, and team member assigned. Companies that excel in project, program, and portfolio management grow project leaders, emphasizing development of business and leadership skills. Job email alerts. Were the concepts of project management even understood? Only 24 percent of organizations report doing well in recognizing and developing skills needed for effective management of requirements. A key factor in evaluating bids, particularly for projects involving IT, is the past performance record of the bidder. In addition, posting project artifacts in a transparent fashion, and holding regular stakeholder reviews are intended to promote communication with management and stakeholders. Figure 4-3. The firm could then calculate the expected monetary value to help make this decision. You can also establish how well projects meet criteria by assigning points. Three types of cost-reimbursable contracts, in order of lowest to highest risk to the buyer, include cost plus incentive fee, cost plus fixed fee, and cost plus percentage of costs. Several studies show that organizations supporting technical certification programs tend to operate in more complex IT environments and are more efficient than organizations that do not support certification. Project team members should be involved in developing the WBS to ensure consistency and buy-in. Figure 8-10. For example, if a project manager gets sick for two weeks or an important supplier goes out of business, management reserve could be set aside to cover the resulting costs. Additional outputs that Erica found very useful for initiating projects were a stakeholder management strategy and a formal project kick-off meeting. Britains Labor government estimates that the program will eventually cost more than $55 billion, a $26 billion overrun. 3. Productivity software like word processors, spreadsheets, and presentation software can aid in creating various documents related to stakeholder management. Develop a streamlined project delivery process. 5. Earned value management is an important method used for measuring project performance. Free, fast and easy way find a job of 990.000+ postings in Louisville, KY and other big cities in USA. Eli Lilly uses simulation to determine the optimal plant capacity that should be built for developing each drug. Table 11-3 lists potential negative risk conditions that can exist within each knowledge area. Organizations have also understood that they need to strive for a culture that allows them to move quickly to succeed in a rapidly changing world. 3. 6. Review the product backlog, sprint backlog, and burndown chart provided in this chapter. Unlike Greeces humorous response to challenges at the Athens games, Russian citizens were much more serious. Forming involves the introduction of team members, either at the initiation of the team or as new members are introduced. Herzberg distinguished between motivators and hygiene factors. 2. Document stumbling blocks in a list. The companys new CEO, Walter Schmidt, was known for keeping a close eye on major projects. According to a CareerBuilder.com survey of over 2,600 U.S. hiring managers and human resource professionals, 71 percent said they value EI in an employee more than IQ. Estimate at completion (EAC), estimated to be $122,308 in this example. Critical chain scheduling is an application of the Theory of Constraints (TOC) that uses critical path analysis, resource constraints, and buffers to help meet project completion dates. The results of the project met its main objective, such as making or saving a certain amount of money, providing a good return on investment, or simply making the sponsors happy. Some organizations use only nouns to focus on describing deliverables, as PMI recommends. The rudder design was considered adequate for use on the open seas, but it was undersized for the tight maneuvers required that fateful night. . 2. Project managers work with the project sponsors, team, and the other people involved to achieve project goals. Building a house requires many suppliers. As it becomes more difficult to find good IT professionals, organizations must become more innovative and proactive in addressing this issue. They might require all IT projects to have a payback period of less than two years or even one year, regardless of the estimated NPV or ROI. Basis of estimates 5. What is a program? This material acted not as promotional filler but as a serious and meticulously detailed examination of the entire filmmaking process.* New Line Cinema made history by shooting all three Lord of the Rings films consecutively during one massive production. Im big on planning, personally, as a business guy, if you dont have a vision you perish.* Each of the five project management process groups is characterized by the completion of certain tasks. Review several of the files, and look at examples of how they are used in this text. The International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA) issues both the Certified Business Analysis Professional (CBAP) and Certification of Competency in Business Analysis (CCBA) certifications. 4. 2. Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence. For example, in the chapters opening case, a program manager might be in charge of every project related to the F-44 aircraft, and each major component of the aircraft, like the radar system, might have its own dedicated project manager. Project Communications Management Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you will be able to: Discuss the role of soft skills in IT project management, and highlight the importance of good communications as one means of achieving project success Review key concepts related to communications Explain the elements of planning project communications and how to create a communications management plan Describe how to manage communications, including communication technologies, media, and performance reporting Discuss methods for controlling communications to ensure that information needs are met throughout the life of the project List various methods for improving project communications, such as running effective meetings, using various technologies effectively, and using templates Describe how software can enhance project communications management Discuss considerations for agile/adaptive environments Opening Case Peter Gumpert worked his way up the corporate ladder in a large telecommunications company. Common work practices: It is important to align work processes and develop a modus operandi with which everyone agrees and is comfortable. The longest path is the critical path. A very popular software category todaysocial mediacan also help engage stakeholders. Sample sensitivity analysis for determining break-even point The main outputs of quantitative risk analysis are updates to project documents, such as the risk report and risk register. Focus on meeting mandatory requirements before considering optional ones. Give recognition. Erica was using the intranet site project to train Jessie in applying several project management tools and templates. He suggests that most people need to spend more time doing things that are important, but not urgent. Users would be able to access templates, samples, and a point person for user stories, WBSs, and project schedules, as listed in the first sprint backlog. Approximately how much time do good project managers spend on each process group, and why? What other factors affect a project? These differences highlight an opportunity for greater cultural understanding to improve collaborative efforts around the world. For example, the probability of one risk event occurring might change if another one materializes, and the response to one risk event might affect another. How will the probability and impact matrix be developed? If you are doing work for outside sponsors, be sure to ask them for their templates. Organizations can provide explicit knowledge in writing or other formats, including audio, pictures, and videos. Earned value (EV), the cumulative earned value amounts for all activities by month. Then we could see the project was going to take at least six months to complete. Les joueurs toiles des trois ligues de la Ligue canadienne de hockey tool deals with toward... 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