The end piece, comprising the barb, or pointed tip, was affixed to the main shaft very skilfully, con- sidering that the hole for its recep- tion had to be bored with a piece of hard-wood, twirled between the hands, the best substitute for an auger procurable. The diameters of this oval space were 28 feet and 20 feet respectively, being smaller than the oval near the camp. This smaller section was held in place by a binding of fibre and grass-tree gum. "We don't have an established relationship with Glencore we have an established relationship with every mining company and developer that operates in Hunter Valley," he said. And then I read Mary Gilmores book Old Days, Old Ways, telling of how the blacks felled, the trees across the rivers to make fish traps. In the old yard at Wattonbakh big Whalen fought his last great fight armed only with a paling; the blacks outnumbered him, and his blood stained the yard for long afterwards. There was a big fire and round it were seated the [women] who were beating possum skins stretched tight across their knees. "I'm just sad that such a beautiful area like the Hunter Valley is going to be turned into an unliveable landscape, ultimately, by the scourge of mining," Mr Franks said. If the earth is damp, owing to recent rains, pieces of bark stripped from the adjacent trees, or heaps of bushes, are laid on the ground for the women to lie on. The kangaroos that were to be taken back to the camp were usually thrust into the fire and half roasted. Baime also created Kawal (Ka-wal), to watch over the Wonnarua people. A letter published in the Dungog Chronicle, by an RJ Hector in 1906 and based on a list of local aboriginal words originally compiled in the 1840s. These were particular favorites, and it was no uncommon sight to see a group of excited blacks hacking at a log and dragging out the long, squirming worms ( which they would swallow raw and wriggling. A stockman hav- ing come from Baker station, where Mr. Chas. Each messenger on arriving at his destination would be received in the manner already described, and would hand the bull-roarer to the head-man, who would take charge of it, and the tails would be distributed to the men to whom they had been sent. So long as it wa s well warmed in the fire they would eat it with avidity. Some of the men go to the goonambang and camp there, and during the night they swing a bull-roarer at intervals, and the women at the kackaroo beat their rugs and sing in response, whilst the men give the customary shout. Finally the initiates were sent out into the bush, to prove their capabilities as hunters and men. Scott identifies the mob at the North Shore of Port Stephens as Gringai, in an area Miller clearly identifies as Worrimi. The sparks would be gently blown upon until a flame appeared, when thereafter it was no trouble to build up a roaring fire. To-day looking on this quiet and peaceful scene it is hard to believe that where one stand was enacted one of those terrible tragedies that unfortunately too often happened in the early days when the white pioneers were taking up the land and outsing the primitive aboriginals from their hunting grounds. The markings as those who have seen the figures of early-day blacks will know when finalised were quite a white and weird color. A level patch of ground in a convenient part of the camp is cleared and made smooth for dancing on. A service provided by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. King Micky, of Cooplacurripa, was well tattooed on the chest and on the muscles of the arms. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad National Native Title Council chief executiveJamie Lowe said lessons could be taken from the Juukan Gorge final report when assessing Aboriginal cultural heritage. Its flat top can still be seen to this day, near Wollombi Valley. I was present at [a corroboree] 55 years ago with the rest of our family. Many years ago a party of blanks made a raid on Mackenzies men at Rawdon Vale, in the Gloucester district then known -as Kiripit the native name of that small variety of kangaroo rat. They are generally listed as clan of the Worrimi people, though the Wonnarua Strategic Plan lists the Gringai of Gresford as Wonnarua. Nets are spread in a line upon the ground, and beside them are some coolamins containing water. These fibre strings were also used to make dilly-bags in which [young children] were carried as well as articles of food, and puppies. Eighty years have elapsed since that tragic story was enacted, and only a fragmentary history remains of .it to-day. Very rarely did an aboriginal stoop down to pick up any article from the ground. Responsibility . When green, if the camp needed vegetables for the menu, they were roasted and eaten In that fashion. This also made it easier for the maker to scrape the billet down to the required thick- ness with the crude tools at his command. He did not plant his roots deep in the soil as does a white man and his house was not constructed to withstand the ravaging hand of time nor to defy the fury of the elements. The Aboriginal to-day pretends to know nothing but if full trust can be established it will be found that he does know. [7] A cave near Milbrodale contains many Wonnarua Aboriginal paintings, including a large figure of a man who may be Baiame. Those who escaped the bullet were killed by falling over the cliffs and being smashed on the rocks below thus, was the whole tribe of blacks with one or two exceptions which inhabited this part of the district exterminated. (VMR, VHR). The upper stone was a water- worn basalt pebble flattened on one side only from use: It was used for grinding seeds, including those of the Kurrajong and it is the first I have seen from eastern New South Wales. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collection, Australian Museum Research Institute (AMRI), Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station. used or I believe ever heard of by our blacks. Most of these plants would have occurred somewhere in the Hunter Region, and probably constituted part of Aboriginal diet in those areas. All the armed men who are standing round, make a noise by beating together two boomerangs, or any two weapons which they may happen to have with them. My Descendant Group was respon- sible to maintain the country on the South to South Eastern side of the Barrington Tops and associated Rivers and Valleys, which run into the Hunter Valley. No black would dream of going fishing after having partaken of a feed of fruit ) nor would he accom- pany any- one who had been similarly guilty. His shepherds were all assigned convicts. They were painted grotesquely, and armed with boomerangs, shields and spears which they clashed together [rhythmically] as they ran. They then throw down the boughs, and go away back to their comrades, who have remained at the place where they painted themselves, and all of them now approach the goonambang, lightly tapping their boomerangs together as they walk along, and on arriving at the ring they form a circle round it. @R(p"X4H((@H Xd/50 [md>9Z` X$q)LUFl@?>v"(` 4x Gordon Bennett (reprinted 1964) p9. (Vinnicombe 1980: VI 4), was also eaten at Lake Macquarie (Threlkeld in Gunson 1974:55) and in the Dungog area (Ebsworth 1826:71), where it was called Bungwall. Swiftly punitive bands were organised to hunt them down. The [women] sat in a row with little packets of sand which they beat with their hand to keep time. The blossoms of the honeysuckle provided nectar, as did that of the grass tree, and of the latter children were especially fond (Dawson 1830:244). "We go through the normal processes of applying for funding if there's funding available, doesn't matter if it's from Glencore, Yancoal or Mach Energy.". The hull of the little vessel was made of a single sheet of bark of the stringy-bark (punnah) tree, obtained from a tall, straight clean bole. I was in company with my old friend the late John Hopson on the tableland when he found a stone axe-heart there. When I departed from Port Stephens in 1873 to go to Queensland the tribe had dwindled to about fifty members. For the most part full dress consisted of a possum-fur belt, with narrow strips of skin pendant there from both in front and at the back. These they shrew down to the ground among the women who scrambled and struggled for them with a great eagerness, each [woman] on securing a piece placing it in the woven dilly- bag. Then there was the awfully cruel poisoning of the blacks at Bakers Creek out- station of the A.A. Co. Derby is a King and speaks English well. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation (WNAC) was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people, the traditional land owners of the Hunter Valley of New South Wales (NSW). Come and explore what our researchers, curators and education programs have to offer. The keerang then march right through the line of men and boys, some going through at one place and some at another, the line opening to let them pass. Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. If he wants to micturate, the guardian leads him out to the fire, and he micturates in the ashes. Mr J. E. Irwin told me the trees are still marked round the Tillegra bora. These were called cumiml, and varied considerably in size and construction according to the purpose for which they were designed. The mothers and other women belonging to each tribe go out of the ring of the white men on the side next their own country. 'The Valley was always there in the Dreaming, though mountains, trees, animals and people were not yet formed. In the meantime the novices, who are now called keeparra, have been taken a short distance from the main camp, where quarters are prepared for them, and their guardians remain with them. [citation needed], In rock paintings Baiame is often depicted as a human figure with a large head-dress or hairstyle, with lines of footsteps nearby. The two blacks named are most intelligent fellows and have great weight with their tribe. If any of the boys are very young, they may be required to carry a fire-stick till their hair grows as long as it was before being singed at the water-hole in the bush, as already described. Gordon Bennett (reprinted 1964) p6-7. At the keelaybang a camp is formed by erecting a long, continuous gunyah or mia-mia in the following manner. ), http://www.ausanthrop.net/resources/ausanthrop_db/detail.php?id_search=584, "A salvage grammar and wordlist of the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie", http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/HRLM%20part%201.pdf, http://www.newcastle.edu.au/Resources/Divisions/Academic/Library/Cultural%20Collections/pdf/miller1886.pdf, http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/wonnarua.htm, "Aboriginal associations with the park area", http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/NationalParks/parkHeritage.aspx?id=N0002, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/WNAC%20Strategic%20Plan.pdf, http://www.visitdungog.com.au/areahistory.php, https://sites.google.com/site/amcatmuseum/maitland-history, http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/people_places/caergwrle/index.html, http://www.tocal.com/homestead/history/overview.htm, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation website, Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation Strategic Plan 20092012, http://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/page/default.asp?site=2&page=TIN_Tribal&level=3&code=4&item=E5, "Selected bibliography of material on the Wonnarua / Wanaruah language and people held in the AIATSIS Library", http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/library/docs/langbibs/Wonnarua_May08.pdf, http://www.wonnarua.org.au/images/about%20the%20wonnarua%202.pdf, List of Indigenous Australian group names, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonnarua&oldid=494492741. Many years later Enright (1937-40:91) wrote of having been given a grinding stone which had been found on the bank of the creek at Milgarra, near Bunnan. This nomadic minstrel was a most important individual, posturing, gesticulating and leaping about the fitful flames of the camp fire he would sing, over and over again, his latest melody, which usually had to do with some well known incident. As previously stated, it was the function of selected women special- ly dedicated to the fishing ; to pre. The blacks had a story of it being a young [woman] running away from her husband to another black fellow, when by some magic she was turned into a stone like Lots wife. Anagrams Their creation spirit is Baiami, also known as Koin, is the creator of all things and the Keeper of the Valley. The bush abounded with game in the form of kangaroos, wallabies, possums, emus, flying-foxes, wild duck, swans, parrots, pigeons. When Europeans settled in the Gloucester-Manning area in the 1820s and 1830s, the Aboriginal people lost their homelands to logging, clearing and livestock. All rights reserved. Marriages were arranged by the parents and kindred, and a wife was chosen from a neighboring tribe; for instance a man living at Gresford obtained a wife from the Hunter River. This cleared space and its adjuncts is called kweealbang (fire place, or place of the fire). He wished to see some blacks that had been camped near where Brookfield is now, but when he reached their settlement he found it deserted. Its history could impactthe future of mining in the valley. The cause of it was Flash Tommy. He collected money from the whites who were watching the performance, and when asked what he was going to do with the money by Long Tommy, a black who worked at Irwins, he said he was going to keep it. He was a passenger in the steamer by which the prisoner had been forwarded from Newcastle, and the latter was then not only in a complete state of nudity, but the irons with which he was fettered had, from neglect, cut his ankles to the bone, and rendered his situation both painful and distressing. Patersons River, where he died on the same day By Mr. Nichols I had no warrant to apprehend any of the blacks; I know. An document named Vocabulary of the Upper Allyn Blacks author unknown circa 1845 State Library of New South Wales (VAR). Discover our guides that help you research our Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultural material in the library. Note the construction of the canoe, and the fact that the man stands and the woman sits. In those early days the blacks knew little of matches, and certainly never used them for the purpose of lighting their fires. The Blacks also roast the roots and make them into a sort of cake, which they eat cold. This Flash Tommy used to put on a long white shirt and walk up and down the town saying he was Tommy Gorton. Mr Gorton was the Magistrate at the time. There was a bora ring on the property of the late Justin Bruyn, on Sugarloaf, and was situated on what was known as Bora ridge. But a different local Indigenous group said Indigenous oral history did not prove a massacre at Ravensworth occurred. necessity no doubt guided their deft hands, for the art of fashioning their weapons was inherited from countless generations who had to pit their wits against Nature in the battle for survival. It focuses on nurturing the history and culture of the Wonnarua Nation, improving the health and education of its members and managing investments to sustain the Corporation's work. I was born at Carrington, Port Stephens, on September 19. The illustration above is captioned Natives of New South Wales - Mr Leigh knew them and had them taken from life by a convict. The second, which Mr Bennett seemingly refers to under Captain Reynolds, is apparently that expedition which led up to the encounter on Browns Creek, Wallamba, in which the whites were so decidedly worsted, that the locality of the encounter in question yet bears the name of Waterloo. James Miller, the author of Koori: A Will to Win, writes an ancestor was from Eccleston, and regards himself as Wonnarua. The district blacks were collected in a cluster of saplings on the opposite ridge in full view of the execution. leaves which have been prepared for them, between the fire and the embankment bounding the ring, their guardians sitting down behind them in such a way that each boy may be said to be sitting in a mans lap. The fear that this race inspired in the natives of localities adjoining their boundaries reached as far as Dungog, and twenty years ago when Brandy was the last of his tribe in the district he would often mention with apparently genuine fear, the possibility of a raid by the wild blacks from the west. They learned to track the native animals, became wise in the ways of fish and bird, and made a game of life generally. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. When the keerang come near, they spread out in a row in front of the men and boys, and throw pieces of bark over them, dancing as they do so. from 1820 to 1921 by A.N. They had a simple and quick method of their own, that used by their forefathers through centuries of time, one indeed common to savage peoples all over the world, the creating of a spark by the friction of two pieces of wood rubbed together. The congestion, the Insanitary conditions that obtained, and an entire lack of appreciation of the necessity for isolation caused the disease to spread with disturbing rapidity. I have already described how the fishing spears were made, and have told something of the skill with which they were used. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. Company first established itself on the shores of the harbor. . A few would be detailed as beaters, driving the mob towards the armed hunters hidden in the bushes. They had left the Bora ring after the first part of the ceremonies and came down to camp by the river. The body was trussed up in as small a compass as possible, wrapped in rugs, and supported by two relatives, about four yards from the grave, lying on their knees, while they bent over it full of grief and affection. We have over a billion unique profiles in our tree, and growing. This beating of boomerangs and stamping is repeated till the men get quite close to the back of the goonambang. The blacks were always fearful of a raid by the Myall River natives, who were reputed to be very warlike and aggressive. On the north, the Manning for some distance bounded this territory and they occupied the country as far west as the Barrington Tops, which, according to the old residents of the Upper Allyn River, they visited in summer time. @!Jnm=z9A0h>n~q8FZG7dJNe)u&k3mNImpTyJdqynqM|49z?1Lg9RWy5HBJ4E>+w It was the biggest collection of blacks ever seen in the district. Eather, and a description of the last combined Bora ceremony on the family property in 1852. Aborigines of the Hunter Valley Helen Brayshaw - https://goo.gl/rNPyFY. They had knocked down and carried away eight colonial sheep; all the rest were stolen yesterday. Fires were always kept burning about the camp. Find the information or skills you need to uncover who you are. of two men. the men and women march round. Such a camp would be formed on some tolerably level ground near a running stream or water-hole. A piece of suitable wood invariably myrtle had to be found, curved as much as possible in the rough shape to be assumed by the finished article. This was done and Mr. Donelan accompanied me himself to Stroud, while the constables and soldiers went by water to Booral. It was a risky game for the women I but I never heard of one being [attacked]. One of the keerang now goes and meets the men and novices -who may be distinguished as the white mob - who are by this time waiting just out of sight, and tells them that everything is ready. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! Dont interfere with them ! The novices are told that the noise they hear is the voice of Goign, who would come and eat them if he got the chance. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Collection. I saw the trees tattooed and marked for a hundred yards round the ring, but I never saw any ceremonies there. From E. M. McKinlay, Esq., J.P., and C. L. Brown, Esq., Magistrates in the District of Dungog 1845:- https://goo.gl/UqHQ93 :p27. Removing the scales was, of course, never thought of. Their appearance certainly gave every indication of the justice of this claim for them. The rays of the sun then accomplished the remainder of the task. They have also attacked Mr Nowlands station, a few miles lower down, and the enclosed from Mr Cook, which I have just received, will disclose to you the tenor of their conduct towards his men. He came straight up to the group, and within a dozen or so paces of us, threw on the ground his spears and boomerangs. Bail steal em, master they protested vigorously, We only take it. This naive explanation was their manner of discrimi- nating between something taken with malicious intent, and something taken merely to gratify a fancy. Then they would begin on their own account. The white men, who are still holding each others hands, swing their arms up and down as. It focuses on nurturing the history and culture of the Wonnarua Nation, improving the health and education of its members and managing investments to sustain the Corporation's work. University of Newcastle history professor Lyndall Ryan, who has spent almost a decade cataloguing colonial frontier massacres for an online map, found evidence of a massacre further up the Hunter Valley, but not near the Ravensworth homestead. The A. The Earliest Inhabitants - Aboriginal Tribes of the District. The Wonnarua also had trade and ceremonial links with the Kamilaroi people. Old Mr. Collier, the school teacher, asked the blacks to permit the school boys to see the ceremony. Their hair would be closely cropped; they would be covered with grease and charcoal, and their whole appearance would be as though they had indeed undergone some tremendous mental and physical strain.I have been told that circumcision was practiced among the coastal blacks in the early days, but during my time at Port Stephens this was never part of the ceremonies, nor was it ever the custom to knock out one of the front teeth of the initiates, although this was done in the early twenties when the A. To give th e canoe rigidity so that It could bear Its passengers safely, stretchers were ingeniously fitted at intervals along its length somewhat after the manner one sees In an ordinary clinker-built boat. It was an oval- shaped piece of hardwood some two feet wide having a hand-grip on the back made of a length of vine affixed In holes made for the purpose. [2], He is said to have two wives, Ganhanbili and Birrangulu,[3] the latter often being identified as an emu, and with whom he has a son Dharramalan. After the morning meal has been disposed of, all the young men, accompanied by some of the old fellows, again start away to the goonambang, carrying their spears and other weapons with them, and coinmence painting their bodies jet black with powdered charcoal and. It wrought great havoc, the mortality being exceedingly heavy. In some parts of the tract of country to which the ceremonies herein described apply, one of the front incisor teeth was formerly extracted during the time the novices were away at the keelaybang, but as this custom is not now enforced anywhere From conversations which I have had with very old black fellows, there appear to be some grounds for supposing that the custom was not universally carried out in the districts referred to. The men of one tribe dance one evening - their women beating time for them; the next night the men and women of another tribe provide the evenings amusement. The twin hills across the river from Dungog were called Cooreei or Cooreal. In some other tribes there are series of sub-branches identified distinctively with their animal or bird totem, these groups being subject to rigid rules as re-gards inter-marriage, food taboos, and other things. . The Wonnarua people ( / hw n r ju r /), a group of indigenous people of Australia, are those Australian Aborigines that were united by a common language, strong ties of kinship and survived as skilled hunter-fisher-gatherers in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. During winter would hunt kangaroos, emus, possums and wombats, fish and other animals. The Wonnarua had some idea of a Great Spirit, but what the idea was my informant does not know. His audience would listen intently until they had mastered the words, the tune and all the business that went with it. Can you wonder, when such happenings as these became known among the blacks that they did not retaliate? The wattie, however, was deadly in its execution, and there was never any doubt about it when it fell. [citation needed], The missionary William Ridley adopted the name of Baiame for the Christian God when translating into Gamilaraay (the language of the Kamilaroi). He appears painted with pipeclay and carries a fire-stick in his hand; but generally it is the [clever men] who alone perceive him and to whom he says Fear not come and talk. At other times he comes where the blacks are asleep and takes them up, as an eagle his prey, and carries them away for a time. 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