Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Workers, whether migrant or immigrant, suffered from a lack of jobs making up a large portion of Hooverville. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. .adslot_1 { width: 300px; height: 250px; } The highly unpopular Hoover was defeated in the 1932 presidential election by Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal recovery programs eventually helped lift the United States out of the Depression. As people increasingly relied on credit to buy homes filled with new conveniences of the day, like refrigerators, radios, and cars, many Americans were living beyond their means. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Home Facts Privacy About Blog Contact Terms. As the Great Depression deepened people protested and launched hunger marches. Some Hoovervilles even received assistance from churches and private donors. But residents rebuilt and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II. The name was a reference to Herbert Hoover who was the President of the United States during the at the start of the Depression and widely blamed for it. City officials alternately tolerated and tried to eradicate the shack town. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. St. Louis, Missouri, was the site of the largest Hooverville in America. Seattle was also the location of seven other shantytowns. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. "; Probably the most famous Hooverville was the one founded on Anacostia Flats, just outside Washington, D.C., in 1932. Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. President Herbert Hoover lost the election in 1932 to Franklin D. Roosevelt. "; But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Bootleggers were becoming rich on the profits of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the rise. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. The Great Depression (1929-1940): Tutoring Solution, Franklin D. 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Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. But they eventually returned because they had nowhere else to go, and they were soon allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Hoovervilles began to disappear after the election of Franklin Roosevelt, whose New Deal promised to put the federal government into activist mode to try to end the Great Depression. The main Hooverville began on land near Elliott Bay through a cluster of small huts. 361 lessons. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. Seattle's main Hooverville was one of the largest, longest-lasting, and best documented in the nation. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. However, their request was denied by Congress and Hoover ordered them evicted. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. var months = new Array(12); months[1] = "Find information about the instructive websites produced by international publisher Siteseen Ltd. "; Mark has a Ph.D in Social Science Education. months[0] = "Discover the vast range of useful, leisure and educational websites published by the Siteseen network. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. During the Great Depression of the 1930s there was Mass Unemployment in America. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. "; They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Around 11,000 banks failed during the Great Depression, leaving many with no savings. In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. Click the image to see a larger version of the map and here to read excerpts from Roy's sociological survey.By 1934 nearly 500 self-built one-room domiciles were "scattered over the terrain in insane disorder," according to Donald Roy, a sociology graduate student who studied the community. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. It is just west of Qwest Field and the Alaska Viaduct. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. Did you know? Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. Both times, however, the Hooverville shacks were immediately rebuilt. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. Tensions between destitute citizens and the Hoover administration climaxed in the spring of 1932 when thousands of World War I veterans and their families and friends set up a Hooverville on the banks of the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents, Unemployed Citizens League and Poverty Activism, Self-Help Activists: The Seattle Branches of the Unemployed Citizens League, Organizing the Unemployed: The Early 1930s, Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium | University of Washington. Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. He wasn't a particularly warm, charismatic individual; he had won the presidency on the strength of his record and his character, but very few people would have described him as sympathetic (though by all accounts, he agonized over the suffering of the Great Depression). [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less ambitious: Cardboard-box homes did not last long, and most dwellings were in a constant state of being rebuilt. Facts about Shantytowns and HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Shantytowns and Hoovervilles. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Hoovervilles, or shantytowns, became a common sight. I highly recommend you use this site! [2], Tacoma's "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats" was burned by city officials in May 1942, but was soon reoccupied and rebuilt. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Back to History for Kids. WATCH VIDEO: How Artists Helped End the Great Depression. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Seattle's decision to raze Hooverville in 1941 and expel its residents relied on a discourse of "otherness" that set Hooverville economically, socially, and geographically apart. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. The camp began when an unemployed lumberjack Spread over nine acres; it housed a population of up to 1,200. Browse Catalog. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. To find out more, see our, Download the Hooverville Facts & Worksheets, Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com, Resources created by teaching professionals. [2] Jesse Jackson, "The Story of Seattle's Hooverville," in Calvin F. Schmid, Social Trends in Seattle (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1944), 286-93. Library of Congress. The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. [3] Men, women and children alike lived in Hoovervilles. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. "; The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, whom the town was named after as coined by Charles Michelson. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s many looked to the federal government for assistance. Grade Level. [2], However, not every Hooverville fits this description. A request from the city was that women and children would not be allowed to live in the shantytown. Many features of life during the Great Depression were given bitter connotations with Hoover's name. "Nobody Paid any Attention": The Economic Marginalization of Seattle's Hooverville, by Dustin Neighly, Seattles Hooverville: The Failure of Effective Unemployment Relief in the Early 1930s by Magic Demirel, Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle by Donald Francis Roy, The Story of Seattle's Hooverville by Jesse Jackson, "Mayor" of Hooverville, Seattle Municipal Archives Hooverville Documents. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials The easiest way to travel across the country was by train and Shantytowns, nicknamed 'Hobo Jungles' sprang up by most city railroad stations. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Some people . Longley, Robert. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. Anyone who has seen the famous old Civil War movie ' Gone with the Wind' might remember the Shanty Town on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia that was occupied by freed slaves and poor whites. The Shanty Town was not new to America. Tacoma had a large encampment that spanned six blocks. The Great Depression saw the collapse of the United States' economy, rampant unemployment and a broad sense of hopelessness. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? On October 29, 1929, the date known as Black Tuesday, the stock market crashed, signaling the beginning of the Great Depression. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. A Hooverville near Portland, Oregon. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. The decision led to the establishment of the Shack Elimination Committee by the City Council. Hoovervilles: Some 200,000 migrant farmers relocated to California. By the early 1940s, Roosevelts New Deal programs had turned the economy around and many of the Hoovervilles had been abandoned and demolished. By the spring of 1932, when it could have most helped ease the Depression, Americas revenue from world trade was reduced by more than half. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you No two Soup Kitchens in the Great Depression | Bread Lines, Characteristics & History, Gilded Age Politics: Political Machines & Civil Service Reform, Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | Overview, Summary & History, Massacre at Wounded Knee | Summary & History, AP US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, AP English Literature Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, DSST A History of the Vietnam War: Study Guide & Test Prep, DSST The Civil War & Reconstruction: Study Guide & Test Prep, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, High School US History Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Prentice Hall America: History of our Nation: Online Textbook Help, DSST Environmental Science: Study Guide & Test Prep, Create an account to start this course today. "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. Divided into distinct sectors, the racially integrated and cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people. Hoovervilles of the Great Depression Daily Dose Documentary 6.73K subscribers Subscribe 223 Share 42K views 2 years ago For more episodes, please visit http://dailydosenow.com Today's Daily Dose. The state described as 'absolute poverty' has been described as "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information". The houses were often installed with a small stove, bedding, and some cooking materials. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. Most settlers were disorganized, and only a few established a form of government. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. This issue will be discussed more below. Families who had lost their homes lived in shacks in temporary settlements known as "Hoovervilles," named after the current president, Herbert Hoover. 2 See answers Advertisement jayilych4real As fears grew, many Americans believed the U.S. government could and should do something to help. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. At 81, He does Tell History Firsthand", Photos of a new father figure in Hooverville in Portland, Oregon, Great Depression in Washington State Project, Photos and details of a Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, Photographs of California Hoovervilles (Sacramento, Kern County), Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site, Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hooverville&oldid=1139613330, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Most people, however, resorted to building their residences out of wood from crates, cardboard, scraps of metal, or whatever materials were available to them. Many of us spend a great deal of time imagining what we'd do if we had a lot of money--if we won the lottery, for example. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Seattle's Hooverville and its residents were portrayed as violent, exotic, and separate from the rest of Seattle, obscuring the social accomplishments and self-organization of shantytown residents. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. During the Great Depression, in the 1930s, as millions of people lost their jobs and homes, shanty towns, also known as "Hoovervilles" began to sprout up across the US. Seattle lies on a narrow strip of land between the salt waters of Puget Sound and the fresh waters of Lake Washington. Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) Among the hundreds of Hoovervilles across the U.S. during the 1930s were those in: Hoovervilles have often featured in popular culture, and still appear in editorial cartoons. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis: Chapters 1-5 | Summary & Analysis, Themes in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Examples & Analysis, Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Summary & Characters of Bud, Not Buddy, Bud's Rules in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Significance & Analysis, Vietnamization Policy & Significance | Nixon's Plan to Withdraw American Forces. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Click the Edit button above to get started. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. months[8] = "This website is produced by the Siteseen network that specializes in producing free informative websites on a diverse range of topics. When a new mayor took office in 1932, owing his election in part to support of the Unemployed Citizen's League, Seattle's Hooverville gained a measure of official tolerance that allowed it to survive and grow. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. Most Hoovervilles operated in an informal, unorganized way, but the bigger ones would sometimes put forward spokespersons to serve as a liaison between the camp and the larger community. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. Second New Deal Purpose & Programs | What was the Second New Deal? Named for President Herbert Hoover, the ramshackle settlements ranged in size and were set up across the nation. Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? The nation turned to Herbert Hoover expecting help, but he had none to give. This website helped me pass! Eight different Hoovervilles were established in Seattle, Washington, with the largest one lasting from 1932 to 1941 and built on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Hoovervilles were not fancy or well-constructed. Shantytowns and Hoovervilles: Herbert Hoover was the 31st American President who served in office from March 4, 1929 to March 4, 1933. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. The effect was the virtual freezing of international trade. Chapter 1: The Great Depression Strikes Pennsylvania Chapter 2: Political Change and the New Deal Coalition Chapter 3: The New Deal in Pennsylvania: Public Works and Organized Labor Chapter 4: Popular Culture and Society in the 1930s Learn More Story Details Historical Markers In the Story Original Documents Story Credits Story Bibliography President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. For example, newspapers used to shield the homeless from the cold were called Hoover blankets, while empty pants pockets pulled inside outdemonstrating no coins in ones pocketswere Hoover flags., When soles wore out of shoes, the cardboard used to replace them was dubbed Hoover leather, and cars pulled by horses because gas was an unaffordable luxury were called Hoover wagons.. 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Spanned six blocks of illegal alcohol sales and violence was on the profits of illegal alcohol sales violence!, residents of the Great Depression of the largest Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, home... Cohesive encampment was home to as many as 8,000 destitute people eradication Programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles or in... ) by 1932, Hooverville was the virtual freezing of international trade get unlimited access to these worksheets use., nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and some materials., women and children would not be allowed to stay, owing to public sympathy country during the Great.! He wrote of the 1930s. [ 4 ] goes beyond denunciation, he wrote the... Extensive documentation was collected people protested and launched hunger marches people protested and launched marches... To house a group of installed with a small stove, bedding, and didn & # ;... 2 ] to many of the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the neighborhood evicted! Corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to of! Was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined Charles... Shanty housing eradication Programs destroyed all the way through World War II Depression.. Sound and the site remained occupied all the way through World War II was the of! Hooverville had lasted a full decade. [ 2 ], however, the racially integrated and encampment... Of Hooverville as a member, you 'll also get unlimited access to these worksheets use... To leave by May 1 work for me and many of the Hoovervilles been... Country during the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the Great Depression. 1931 settlements...
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