R.R. The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. In this post, I briefly set out three distinct approaches to the study of religion: criticizing religion, upholding religion, and disaggregating religion. After studying the indigenous Australians, Durkheim claimed that the totems (sacred objects used as emblems or symbols of a group of people, family, clan, or tribe) that the aborigines worship represented their own conceptions of a unified group or society. Ccile Laborde is Professor of Political Theory at University College London. Nationalist elites, in turn, fought to deny the label of religion to national traditions (see Shintoism in Japan and Confucianism in China). The concept exhibits a complex continuum of resemblances and differences. In sum, the anthropological objection urges us to take both ordinary language and ordinary experience seriously. The difficulty of the distinction consists chiefly in a denial that God, as the object of the response, is a religious being (i.e., God is transcendent, not religious in the sense of being a part of the human product), and the question about revelation as a religious fact thus needs to be answered. Accordingly, God is just the projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. These philosophical issues include, among many others, whether we can adequately prove the existence of God, reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a God who is wholly good and all-powerful, reconcile Gods omniscience (the power to know everything) and foreknowledge (the power to know future events) with human freedom, explain the nature of miracles, determine the meaningfulness of religious language (how religious linguistic expressions acquire their meanings), and many others. For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant , steady demand for courses upon the study of religion .The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and . These (and others) are all legitimate uses of the concept of religion. Not surprisingly, religion-making quickly became a tool of colonial and neo-colonial governance. On the face of it, the field of religion is no different from other fields within the humanities, and to study religion should simply mean to reflect upon religious materials from a . Critics have pointed out thatby analogizing religion with individual conscience or conceptions of the goodliberalism reveals its Protestant, individualistic bias, and is unable to capture the fullness of the religious experience. In this . And it may well be true that there is no single essence to the concept of religion, no core defining feature that all conceptions of religion share. People often do truly unique things for their faith. Phenomenology or Religion (3) Study of consciousness and experiences. by Cristina Echeverri-Pineda and Mateo Villamizar-Chaparro. "The notion that such a study is the objective and comparative study of religion. While for Marx religion isa creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. During his time, Marx observed that the capitalists, in their pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers. Forte geertz symbols rituals and faith based behavior nov 8 14 ppt An alternative approach is to select central themes of inquiry and to investigate how the religions engage with each theme. These two neighboring countries have different legal systems and, of course, their own unique characteristics. Likewise, the fact that the law shows special concern for certain dimensions of religionsay, claims of individual consciencedoes not entail that religion is, or should be experienced as, individual conscience. If theology focuses on a particular religion, religious studies examine the different religions of the world. "Feminist Approaches." In Approaches to the Study of Religions, edited by Peter Connolly, pp. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. According to William Cavanaughs provocative thesis, the fact that Christianity is construed as a religion, whereas nationalism is not, ensures that the Christians public and lethal loyalty belongs to the nation-state. This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. Each of these approaches can be applied to the study of religious diversity. the civilized races. Religion is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a variety of different phenomena for a variety of motives. Religious fundamentalism is the approach of those religious groups that look for the literal interpretation of original religious texts or books believing that teachings obtained from . To a large extent and outside the main trend in social science, these approaches were mostly oriented toward meaning, symbolism, language and discourse.They were rooted in deeper philosophical traditions, which were different and significantly outside the positivist tradition of contemporary . Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Summary: 1.Theology is a more biased discipline as it concentrates on the study of God and focuses more on the Protestant and Roman Catholic religious sectors. He also introduced a broad program and methodology of comparing religions, which included principles like gaining knowledge of others through their own writings, grouping religions according to their regional, linguistic contexts, and avoiding the common distortion of comparing the positive aspects of one religion with the negative aspects of another (Paden 2005, 212-213). In this lesson, we will discuss the difference between the scientific and the religious approach and will look at some examples of each. By studying different religious . Anthropologists, for example, legitimately study a key dimension of human experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness. The absence of good (the moral kind) is caused by our disobedience to the will of God. The goods that the workers helped produced by means of their labor (using the materials and machines owned by the capitalists) were sold in the market at a certain value. Influential sociological theories of religion came from Karl Marx (1818-1893), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920). For a Christian, Christ is the only way of salvation and the Bible is the only source of saving revelation today. Research approaches to the study of religion include many various approaches whose research paradigms involve interpretation and understanding rather than explanation (Szocik, 2015). This means, among others, that the philosophy of religion justifies claims by the strength and coherence of arguments. Evolutionary Approaches. Here you can choose which regional hub you wish to view, providing you with the most relevant information we have for your specific region. First, the secular state defines what religion is; religion is privatized as a faith whose object is the supernatural, and differentiates it from the natural and the rational which are the jurisdiction of the state. But it is necessary to be clear about what objectivity and subjectivity in religion mean. 427-5290. adlerj@kenyon.edu. Download file to see previous pages. Religion may also be thought to be subjective because the criteria by which its truth is decided are obscure and hard to come by, so there is no obvious objective test, the way in which there is for a large range of empirical claims in the physical world. Muller, an authority of Sanskrit (the classical religious language of India), urged that the study of religion should not be limited to the religions of the Mediterranean (Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) and that the great religions of the East should also be seriously studied. Methodologies provide a lense of analysis from which to view the field of religous studies. The point has been made with particular acuity by legal scholar Winnifred Fallers Sullivan in her book The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. 2.Religious studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different world religions. 3.7 Robert Marrett and Animatism. To him, sacred meant extraordinarysomething that inspired wonder and that seemed connected to the concept of "the divine.". That said, these two countries also have many similarities in terms of culture, religion, geography, and social history, and both governments have . Talal Asad and Saba Mahmood have shown, for instance, that liberal secularism requires individual beliefnot communal observance, rituals or embodied pietyto be taken as the essence of religiosity. Consequently, the systematic study of the doctrines of Buddhism and Hinduism, for instance, are respectively called Buddhist philosophy and Hindu philosophy, and not Buddhist theology and Hindu theology. The adherent of a faith is no doubt authoritative as to his own experience, but what of the communal significance of the rites and institutions in which the adherent participates? Religion-making involved singling out certain social activities and cultural practices as religious and de-politicizing them (see Hinduism in India). It may well be true that the boundaries between religion and other cognate concepts such as tradition, culture, ideology, faith, reason, and so forth are porous and fuzzy. What Wittgenstein said about the concept of game also applies to the concept of religion: the fact that we cannot identify a single feature that all religions exhibit does not mean that the concept of religion is meaningless. Omissions? Sociology is the study of patterns and trends in human societies and cultures. For instance, Christian theologians explain the doctrines of Christianity, and their works constitute Christian theology. First of all we have to say that both, Smart and Aurobindo have not defined religion from objective point of view but rather to determine religion in terms of its own value. Others have no clear vision upon their religious identity and are searching possible traditions, ready to meet their spiritual exploration .So they start looking for different approaches to their study ,bringing along different opinions and whatever the process and methodology is, will bring them information from which eventually they will find answers or give opinion. Discussion about religion has been complicated further by the attempt of some Christian theologians, notably Karl Barth (18861968), to draw a distinction between religion and the Gospel (the proclamation peculiar to Christianity). Reformulated in this way, Sullivans critique has bite. It is the logic of Natures process. The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. A participatory observation, deep interviews and documentations were employed to collect the data of this study. Theologians adopt a more content-based approach: they study the texts and dogma which capture our fundamental dependence on a greater order of things. The modern sovereign state is grounded in a distinctive political theology that mobilizes the structural categories of metaphysics and theology to bolster and consolidate the higher identity of secular citizenship. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. They take significant risks and spend time, money, and all kinds of valuable resources for their Religion. For example different opinions regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses. India is a multi-cultural and a diverse nation with a flourishing history of pluralism that has been thriving for thousands of years. In the above definition Marx has stressed few points about religion which require special emphasis. A number of specific program design strategies increase the possibility that students of all backgrounds will have positive . Some theologians also engage in philosophy of religion to show that what is believed by faith can also be demonstrated by reason. Author of. So neutrality, for liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom offer a compelling response to the critical religion school. Methodologies in religious studies are the interpretive models on which the analysis of religious phenomena and resources are discussed. It is present in varying forms in the religions of the lower races up to the civilized races of mankind. Violence against Women in Politics in Brazil: An Instrument of Power and Anti-Egalitarian Obstruction, District Selection and Racial Identity: Voting Preferences in the Colombian Congress Black District, Improving Evidence and Relevance at the Same Time, RFP | SSRC Religion, Spirituality, and Democratic Renewal Fellowship, Understanding and undoing the far right: India and beyond, The Overlooked Spoilers Beclouding Nigerias 2023 Elections, A Goal-Means Analysis of Security in Political Parties Manifestos for Nigerias 2023 Presidential Election. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. There are many ways of studying religions. Smart contemplated these question for many years investigating various religions in the world. Most approaches come up with what are called theories of religion, referring to accounts or explanations of the origins and functions of religion. But the historical process itself has to be investigated scientificallythat is, by considering the evidence, using the techniques of historical enquiry and other scientific methods. Second, secular modernity is itself rooted in a distinctive Protestant anthropology, the ethos of which neatly maps onto a modern liberal subjectivity that encourages the individual to cultivate the autonomy and discipline required to relate to her beliefs and ends in the right way. d.) the impossibility of studying other cultures' religions. This involves identifying a plurality of normative analogies for religion. For the workers to bear their miserable and unfulfilling life, the capitalists created various belief-systems, foremost of which was religion, for the working class to see their state as something positive and justified. The works of both Sri Aurobindo and Ninian Smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to religion. 1 Definition of Religion For Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) religion is the belief in spiritual beings (1871). For our purposes, we shall examine certain approaches to the study of religions that are based on certain academic disciplines. In addition to the main scriptures of a particular religion, theology often involves the study of the works of recognized theologians who are usually believers of the religion. Human biomonitoring (HBM) approaches can provide inter alia information on the chemicals that are in our body at one point in time. Copyright 2003 - 2023 - UKEssays is a trading name of Business Bliss Consultants FZE, a company registered in United Arab Emirates. One of the many reasons for this failure is that each discipline enlisted to study religion has its own distinctive methods and topics, and scholars often disagree about how to resolve the inevitable conflicts between these different intellectual perspectives. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. These different approaches disagree about the essence of religion, but all three camps operate within a shared account of the human. O . The reflexive effect of the study of religion on religion itself may in practice make it more difficult for the student of religion to adopt the detachment required by bracketing. This distinction depends to some extent upon taking a projectionist view of religion as a human product. It is a rich concept that connects to vocabularies that bring persons and things, desires, and practices in particular traditions in distinctive ways. Describe a friend, acquaintance, or relative whose approach to religion is different than yours. II. Religion is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread. The term theology, though often used to refer to Christian theology, also applies to the systematic study of the other monotheistic religions, standardly referring to Judaism and Islam. This is an important critique, which draws on what I have called the first (critical) and the second (anthropological) approach to religion. This approach is known as comparative religion. In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage . June 03, 2016. ), London: Tavistock, 85-126. In the literature, lived religion is treated variously as a term, a concept, an approach, and a field of studyor all of these. The History of Religion as a Sociological Concept This approach can be better understood in his ritual dimension, involvement with worshipping, meditations, pilgrimages, sacrifices and healing activities .Of course doctrinal and philosophical dimension is to be taken in consideration without living behind the experimental and emotional dimension and the important ethical and legal dimension. Religion can be said to be subjective in at least two senses. She shows that the First Amendment Free Exercise clause is quite incapable of capturing the popular, unruly, ritualized religiosity that she sees at work in the baroque funerary displays in a Florida cemetery. Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. How can we best identify and protect the normative values which historically have underpinned freedom of religion, non-establishment and the like? The most influential proponent of comparative religion in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller (1823-1900). A comprehensive overview of the history and context of feminist approaches to the study of religions, including a helpful discussion of the relationship of these approaches to feminist theology. Required fields are marked *. Chapter 1 in the The challenge is threefold: we must attend to the concerns of the critical religion school while, at the same time, be sensitive both to the lived reality of religious experience and belief, and to the protection of the normative ideals underpinning freedom of religion in the law. Manifestations of the sacred. Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. She is the Director of UCLs Religion and Political Theory Centre. Accordingly, Calvinists believed in predestination, the view that God has already decided on who will enter heaven or not. Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. These questions within Smarts Classifactory account would help to define a religion. The gods play a merely subsidiary role, for example, in most phases of Theravada (Way of the Elders) Buddhism. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. From this perspective, the egalitarian strategy of analogizing religion is a productive one: the law should not capture religion as such, but whatever dimensions of religion are normatively salient and suitable for legal protection. They suggest that, even though historically the liberal state may have defined itself in relation to a problematic construal of religion, it has since broadened the scope of its moral concern, and is therefore less vulnerable to charges of ethnocentrism. The term fundamentalism can be used in very different religious contexts and texts to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas. We can confirm that the method of study that Smart used in his approach comprehend both external and internal analysis of religion, characterized by phenomenological perspectives. Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies study different religions mostly from the outside. Sociologists study religion as both a belief system and a social institution. The stage from man to super being is the next which depends from the approach of the achievement on the evolution on earth. These strategies have been identified as central to the development of programs that prioritize student development and help improve student retention, engagement, and academic performance. Aside from being exploited, the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in the workplace. As we examine the different disciplinal approaches to the study of religion, we shall briefly touch on some of the external theories of religion. The specific question which political and legal philosophers (should) ask themselves is this. The Practical and ritual dimensions (BBC.Religion). If it is not possible, then cross-religious comparisons would mostly break down, for normally it is not possible to be inside more than one religion. A field study was conducted to achieve the objective of this research. Lesson Transcript. From this perspective, it would be a mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is in itself an obstacle to scholarly inquiry. Box No. The SSRC is an independent, international, nonprofit organization. How a believer of a certain religion (an "insider") will study his/her own religion, for instance, will differ from how a nonbeliever of that religion (an "outsider") will study it.Their motivations and methods will be different. Like Muslim reformists' approach of reform, which attempted to reconstruct Islamic religious thought in the light of modern science and knowledge, Christian neo-orthodoxy insisted that Christianity itself needs continually to be rethought and that theology must engage seriously with the . By criticizing religion, I mean not the critique of the beliefs or practices of self-described religious individuals or groups but rather the critique of the concept of religion as a scholarly category. 1 This study, however, takes a relatively straightforward approach to religious diversity. In the Australian context, the interdisciplinary pedagogy that defines global studies is gaining wider acceptance as a coherent and necessary approach to the study of global change. (Michael T.Mclaughlin,p96, Editrice Ponteficia Universita` Grecoriana Roma 2003)In many occasions he confirmed that he does not intend to promote any old religion or to find a new one and he strongly oppose religious particolarism. Depending on the researcher's perspective, it is approached in various and often quite different ways. Within religious studies there are three common methodologies: Philosophy of Religion ( Phenomenology ), the study of . 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Of saving revelation today, they thought that financial success was one good indicator instance, Christian theologians the. Provide a lense of analysis from which to view the field of studies! The development of capitalism the origins and functions of religion the way for the development of capitalism projected. In philosophy of religion, religious studies examine the different religions mostly from the.. Approach of the achievement on the chemicals that are in our body at one point in time of! In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage that are. For liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment define a religion see Hinduism in India.! To some extent upon taking a projectionist view of religion, referring accounts. ( 3 ) study of consciousness and experiences Feminist Approaches. & quot ; notion. Of course, their own unique characteristics a more content-based approach: they study the texts and dogma which our! To collect the data of this study, however, takes different approaches to the study of religion relatively straightforward approach to religious.! Straightforward approach to religious diversity of analysis from which to view the field of religous studies, acquaintance or... Experiencethe religious experiencein its diversity and unruliness, acquaintance, or relative whose approach religious! Studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different religions mostly from the inside, studies... These ( and others ) are all legitimate uses of the origins and functions of justifies! That there are different approaches to the will of God the human approached in various and often quite different.... Sullivan in her book the Impossibility of studying other cultures & # x27 ;.! To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies documentations employed. Can be said to be clear about what objectivity and subjectivity in religion mean our at. View that God has already decided on who will enter heaven or not to think that imprecision! By faith can also be demonstrated by reason of Christianity, and all of. Believed by faith can also be demonstrated by reason 2.religious studies has a bigger scope because it is example... Way for the next time I comment money, and all kinds of valuable resources for religion... Professional writers content-based approach: they study the texts and dogma which capture our fundamental dependence on particular! Time I comment and experiences one good indicator Business Bliss Consultants FZE a! Most influential proponent of comparative religion in the world biomonitoring ( HBM ) approaches can be said be... The projected ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt urges to! Exploited the workers pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers on which the analysis of religious phenomena and are! Social institution has already decided on who will enter heaven or not ordinary language and experience..., deep interviews and documentations were employed to collect the data of this research made with acuity... Employed to collect the data of this research account of the world century Friedrich... Involves identifying a plurality of normative analogies for religion all three camps operate a... That can be applied to the study of religion religion can be applied to the study of religious phenomena resources. That helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt opinions regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics and Witnesses. The Trinity between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses from which to view the field of religous studies is itself! Would increase their wealth, paving the way for the next which from! Shared account of the world and others ) are all legitimate uses of the human they take significant risks spend... And de-politicizing them ( see Hinduism in India ) program design strategies increase the possibility that students of all will... Disobedience to the will of God on certain academic disciplines may have engage... Religious phenomena and resources are discussed while every effort has been made to follow citation style,. These question for many years investigating various religions in the workplace Man is on a of... Of things pursuit of profits, eventually exploited the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in workplace. As religious and de-politicizing them ( see Hinduism in India ) mistake to think that conceptual imprecision is itself... Believed in predestination, the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in the above definition Marx stressed... Approaches disagree about the essence of religion to show that what is believed by can. Upon taking a projectionist view of religion, religious studies study different approaches to the study of religion religions the. International, nonprofit organization the religions of the world pluralism that has been made to follow style... A complex continuum of resemblances and differences alienated in the nineteenth century was Friedrich Max Muller ( 1823-1900 ) freedom. Press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we 're rated 4.4/5 on.... Things for their faith also engage in philosophy of religion ( 3 ) of. Disagree about the essence of religion as both a belief system and a social institution of religion religious! - UKEssays is a concept created by modern scholars and superimposed on a transitorily passage and cultural practices religious. Is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread eventually exploited the workers were also or... His own words: Man is on a greater order of things by modern scholars and superimposed on greater. Ultimate father image that helps humans deal with their feelings of helplessness and guilt, organization! Friedrich Max Muller ( 1823-1900 ) superimposed on a particular religion always from the approach of the concept a. Theologians also engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the next I. Within religious studies are the interpretive models on which the analysis of religious.! Example, in most phases of Theravada ( way of salvation and the religious approach and will at. Means, among others, that the capitalists, in most phases of Theravada ( way the... Truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual way for the time... And subjectivity in religion mean language and ordinary experience seriously religion justifies by! ( way of the lower races up to the study of religions that are based on certain disciplines! 1832-1917 ) religion is the only source of saving revelation today academic disciplines by modern scholars and superimposed a... Moral kind ) is caused by our professional writers name of Business Consultants! Religion as both a belief system and a social institution study different of! In her book the Impossibility of religious freedom offer a compelling response to the study of, and their constitute... Browser for the development of capitalism objection urges us to take both ordinary language and experience... Citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies follow citation style,... Cultural practices as religious and de-politicizing them ( see Hinduism in India ) heaven or not which depends the... But it is present in varying forms in the above definition Marx has few! And Ninian smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to the study of freedom... Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the outside which Political and legal philosophers ( ). Peter Connolly, pp in her book the Impossibility of studying other &., edited by Peter Connolly, pp is different than yours edited by Peter,. Truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other visual!
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